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The high velocity arc spraying technology and powder-cored metal threads were bi-used to repair the waste components, and the integration between coating preparation and materials formation to Fe-Al base intermetallic compounds came true. A new supersonic ion spraying technique, named bi-channel, bi-temperature, was invented to solve successfully the issues of over-melting, half-cooked and burned materials. The high-energy mechanical and chemical method with own property right was explored to solve successfully the issue, which the nano particles dispersed evenly and suspended stably in the solution. After perfecting the techniques the high-performance co-electrodeposition between the conductive matrixes metal Ni and the nonconductive nano particles carried out. The excellent nano anti-friction self-repairing additives was prepared to achieve elementarily the self-repairing on the worn surface during the equipment worked.

首次将高速电弧喷涂技术与粉芯丝材相结合的方法应用于再制造零部件的表面修复，实现了Fe-Al金属间化合物的制备与涂层成形一体化；发明了一种&双通道、双温区&的高效能超音速等离子喷涂新工艺，解决了过熔、夹生及烧损问题；开发了具有自主知识产权的高能机械化学法，解决了纳米电刷镀时纳米颗粒在多离子溶液体系中的均匀分散与悬浮稳定的难题，通过工艺优化实现了非导电的纳米颗粒与导电的基质金属镍的高效共沉积；发明并制备了性能优异的纳米减摩自修复添加剂，初步实现了在装备运行过程中对磨损部位的原位动态自修复。

Based on the hypothesis of Brands, this thesis presents two off-line electronic cash system applied to small payment: one is an off-line nondivisible electronic cash system with complete anonymity, and the other is an off-line nondivisible electronic cashsystem with repealed anonymity. The two systems can solve the bottleneck problem of bank server. Furthermore, based on the concept of virtual debit as well as the payment demand of pay-per-use electronic commerce and mobile commerce, this paper designs a micro-system NPAY, which can solve the problem of extra-consuming, greatly reduce the system communication overhead, and the consumer can anonymously consume.

基于Brands假设，设计了两个适用于小额支付的离线电子现金系统：一个是具有完全匿名性的离线不可分电子现金系统，另一个是可撤消匿名性的离线不可分电子现金系统，这两个系统都较好地解决了银行服务器的瓶颈问题；针对即付即用(pay-per-use)类型电子商务和移动商务的支付需求，基于&虚借记&的概念，设计了一个微支付系统NPAY，较好地解决了消费者超额消费问题，系统的通讯开销也大大减少，并且消费者可以匿名消费。

Based on the hypothesis of Brands, this thesis presents two off-line electronic cash system applied to small payment: one is an off-line nondivisible electronic cash system with complete anonymity, and the other is an off-line nondivisible electronic cash'system with repealed anonymity. The two systems can solve the bottleneck problem of bank server. Furthermore, based on the concept of virtual debit as well as the payment demand of pay-per-use electronic commerce and mobile co mmerce, this paper designs a micro-system NPAY, which can solve the problem of extra-consuming, greatly reduce the system communication overhead, and the consumer can anonymously consume.

基于Brands假设，设计了两个适用于小额支付的离线电子现金系统：一个是具有完全匿名性的离线不可分电子现金系统，另一个是可撤消匿名性的离线不可分电子现金系统，这两个系统都较好地解决了银行服务器的瓶颈问题；针对即付即用(pay-per-use)类型电子商务和移动商务的支付需求，基于&虚借记&的概念，设计了一个微支付系统NPAY，较好地解决了消费者超额消费问题，系统的通讯开销也大大减少，并且消费者可以匿名消费。

The computations required are respectively to solve a decoupled group of overdetermined linear systems of equations, to solve a lower triangular linear system, and to carry out a number of simple subtractions.

对於前两种判别方法，我们也设计了相对应的最佳周期编码序列来减少通道杂讯以及数值误差的影响，以提高通道估测的准确度。

Subsequently, in order to solve a fatal problem of surprising amount of calculating and storge of presental fuzzy inference algorithm when used to solve multi-compliacted rules, we propose the decompositional method of complicated rules and solving method of resoning result after the rules are decomposed, so that a simple algorithm of fuzzy inference on-line can be obtained and the amount of calculating and storge can largely decreased.

针对现有的模糊推理算法用于多重复杂蕴涵规则时计算量及要求的存贮量太大这一应用中致命的问题，我们提出了复杂规则的分解方法，推导了规则分解后推理结果的求取方法，在此基础上提出了模糊推理的简便算法，使得在线实现模糊推理的计算量及要求的存贮量减少若干个数量级。

Inside quite long henceforth period of time, the provisionment of our country still will lie slant tight situation, need thinks from each respect method tries to solve, how to solve?

在今后相当长的一段时间内，我国的粮食供应还将处在偏紧的状况，需要从各方面想办法加以解决，如何解决？

In this paper,a quadratic programming method based on semidefinite programming is given to solve the design of FIR filters with discrete coefficients in the light of literature 6,which can give a better bound than a semidefinite programming relaxation method.Based on the model,the Branch-and-Bound algorithm is used to solve this problem.

基于离散系数滤波器设计问题已有的半定规划松弛模型，利用文献[6]的方法给出了该问题的二次规划松弛模型，该模型能给出比半定规划模型更好的界，然后运用分支定界方法求解该模型。

Though can not accurate induce neural stem cells specific orientation differentiation yet,to accompany the unceasing deepen recognize of convection mechanisms in cells' signal convection and discovery of new cell facter,new chemo-signal, Homo sapiens would solve the question of orientation differentiation from totipotential stem cell,multipotential stem cell to neural stem cell, orientation nerver ancestor cell then special tipe neural cell, implementation functional reconstruction betwen neural cell,for ultimate solve the proble of neural regeneration developing the way.

尽管目前尚不能准确有效的诱导神经干细胞特异性定向分化为某种特定的神经元，但随着人们对细胞间信号传递机制认识的不断加深和新的细胞因子、化学信号的不断发现，人类将能够解决从全能干细胞、多能干细胞到神经干细胞、定向神经祖细胞直至特异类型神经细胞的定向分化，完成神经元之间的功能重建，为最终解决中枢神经再生这一难题而开辟道路。

The first way is to solve the transfer problem locally; the second is to make rural areas townlike; the last is to move the surplus labors to big cities. In fact, the first and last ways are impossible to operate, so to solve the surplus problem by building small towns becomes the only choice.

而要想通过就地转移的方式来大量转移农村剩余劳动力，现在看来不可能，将来也不可能；向大中城市大量转移农村剩余劳动力的原始积累已基本完成，由于目前城市的发展也出现较多问题，使其吸纳农村剩余劳动力的能力大大降低，所以，要想使其再大量吸纳农村剩余劳动力，现在估计很困难，但将来有可能，因此，通过农村城镇化，向小城镇转移是现阶段的必然选择。

This paper first introduces a system which can detect vehicle disobey the red light. then introduces a arithmetic with shadow elimination to solve the problem of violations detection of yellow line: by day,the quality of the image is good,this arthmetic uses a method which combine the line-frame detection and the HSV color information analysis.this method detect violations according as whether the line-frame of yellow is being destroyed. In order to solve the most important problem in apply instance—interference of shadow,we add HSV color information analysis in the area of yellow line which line-frame is being destroyed. If the shadows proportion is below the threshold,then we determine vehicle violative of yellow line; at night,the quality of the image is not good, we calculate the grey image of differences to detect violations.

本算法在白天图片质量较好时，采用结合HSV颜色空间分析线结构检测算法，该算法利用黄线区域的边缘结构特征作为依据检测是否存在车辆或阴影压黄线，针对实际应用中存在的最大问题即阴影的干扰，加入了HSV颜色空间分析来检测黄线边缘残缺区域，若该位置阴影比重低于一定比例，才认定为是车辆压黄线违章而不是阴影干扰；在夜晚图片质量下降的时候，采用灰度差值法。

For the head-teacher of the class said that I had seriously broken the school rules,which led me to a three-day suspend class.

为什么呢？因为我的班主任说我严重的违反了校规，于是让我停课三天。

Many of them believe that the conversion of thousands of working-class folk in England spared that nation from the mass carnage and the tyranny that came with the revolution in France.

他们之中有许多人相信，在英国数以千计的劳工阶级之悔改信主使英国免於遭受如法国大革命所造成的大屠杀和专制暴政。