查询词典 policy-holder

Fiscal policy ; monetary policy ; insufficient effective demand ; deflation ; systematic shrinking ; policy expansion

财政政策；货币政策；有效需求不足；通货紧缩；体制性收缩；政策性扩张

This paper analyzes the state of effectiveness of the Japan"s monetary policy during deflation. The Japan"s monetary policy has stepped into liquidity trap. The "zero interest rate policy" cant increase investment and stimulate the economic growth.

本文分析了日本通货紧缩时期的货币政策的效力状况，日本货币政策已陷入流动性陷阱，零利率政策没有增加银行贷款和带动投资，最终刺激日本经济增长。

Deflation has been paid close attentain to by academic circles and govern ment departments around the globe.On the basis of investigating the related literature of deflation at home and abroad,the auther of this paper puts emphasis on studying China"s deflation,including its cause of formation,mechanism of the formation and effectiveness of monetary policy during deflation by qualitative and quantitative analyses,positive and normative analyses,theoretical analysis and case confirmation;then points out the orientation of China"s monetary policy by raising the efficiency of monetary policy in the future and avoiding deflation.

本文在分析研究国内外在通货紧缩判断标准、形成机理、治理对策等方面研究方法及研究现状的基础上，采用实证分析与规范分析相结合，定性分析与定量分析相结合，理论概括与实践归纳相结合的方法，从多方位、多角度对产生中国目前通货紧缩的原因进行分析，从理论上梳理出中国目前通货紧缩形成的逻辑过程，并对通货紧缩时期货币政策的效果及未来货币政策的取向进行了深入分析和有效探索。

Monetary policy target through using its economic data of different periods in the history, the paper further proves that Feds monetary policy target is effective in curbing inflation, avoiding deflation arising from monetary policy, and facilitating the economic growth.

最后，本文分析和论证美联储组织制度、监管体制和两级银行建制对中国人民银行组织制度改革以及中小金融机构管理建制的借鉴意义。

Monetary easing--even unorthodox--is like pushing on a string when （1） the problems of the economy are of insolvency/credit rather than just illiquidity;（2） there is a global glut of capacity （housing, autos and consumer durables and massive excess capacity, because of years of overinvestment by China, Asia and other emerging markets）, while strapped firms and households don't react to lower interest rates, as it takes years to work out this glut;（3） deflation keeps real policy rates high and rising while nominal policy rates are close to zero; and （4） high yield spreads are still 2,000 basis points relative to safe Treasuries in spite of zero policy rates.

因为目前存在四方面问题：（1）金融层面的问题不仅是流动性不足，还在于资不抵债；（2）由于中国、亚洲及其他新兴市场持续多年的过剩投资，在住房、汽车、耐用消费品等领域形成了庞大的全球性产能过剩；（3）尽管名义政策利率已接近零点，但通缩却使得实际政策利率居高不下，甚至继续上升；（4）尽管政策利率接近零点，但高风险的高收益证券与安全的美国国债之间的利差仍高达2000个基点。

The related back-nurture demand includes:⑴compensation fee to eco-migrant caused by eco-recovery policy.⑵compensation fee to local inhabitants caused by eco-administer policy.⑶intergovernmental transfer payment caused by eco-recovery and eco-administer policies.⑷expenditure on eco-recovery and eco-administer.⑸defrayment from the beneficiary to the stakeholder caused by the environmental protection policy.

由此引发的反哺需求有五：一是由于实施"生态修复"而对生态移民的补偿；二是由于实施"生态治理"而对区域农民的补偿；三是地方政府实施生态修复、生态治理而发生的政府间专项转移支付；四是生态修复、生态治理财政专项费用；五是下游对上游、开发区域对保护区域、受益地区对受损地区、受益人群对受损人群以及自然保护区内外的利益补偿。

To emerge from this situation the government took steps to expand domestic demand and turned determinately from a moderately contractive monetary and fiscal policy to an active fiscal policy and a steady monetary policy.

这两次成功的宏观调控，使我国既积累了有效抑制通货膨胀，实现"软着陆"的经验，又创造了扩大国内需求，有效治理通货紧缩的经验。

This became a new factor obstructing economic growth. To emerge from this situation the government took steps to expand domestic demand and turned determinately from a moderately contractive monetary and fiscal policy to an active fiscal policy and a steady monetary policy. During 1998—2002 these policies were carried out with satisfactory results. Through the above two occasions of macro-economic adjustment and co-ordination, we accumulated useful experiences not only in combating inflation and in soft-landing, but also in acquiring a new understanding on how to expand domestic demand and deal with deflation.

以实现经济"软着陆"为主旨的1993-1996年的宏观调控，从整顿金融秩序入手，以适度从紧的货币政策为主，配合以相应的财政政策，辅之以必要的行政法律手段和组织措施，终于成功地避免了以往调控后出现的经济大起大落现象，在保持经济稳定增长的同时，有效地抑制了通货膨胀，实现了高增长、低通胀的"软着陆"目标。

The main body of a book start with the macro-control significance , draw forth two modern economy policy fiscal policy and monetary policy of macro-control.

本文从宏观调控的意义入手，引出宏观调控的两大经济政策——财政政策与货币政策。

Chapter Ⅱ"Making-policy System and Policy Goal"discusses the changes of making-policy system and the roles of varied force groups played in the choosing process of policies when Japan decided to enter into alliance with either Britain or with Germany and Italy.

并在此基础上指出，尽管日本各个时期决策机制有所变化，决策层在手段选择中存在分歧，但在这种变化和分歧的背后，他们所追求的政策目标却始终是一致的。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。