查询词典 phylogenetic development

The phylogenetic analysis indicated that within the subspecies data of Canis lupus, Canis lupus laniger polarized first, then did Canis lupus arabs. Canis lupus chanco and Canis lupus lupus were sister species, which had similar phylogenetic positions.

基于12S rRNA+16S rRNA+ H链上的12个蛋白质编码基因的联合数据的系统发育分析发现，在已报道的狼亚种数据中，西藏狼的分化时间最早，其次为阿拉伯狼，蒙古狼与欧亚狼的系统发育地位最为接近。

Moreover, we we sequenced the entire mitochondrial DNA control region from 17 charadriiform species, and found that the base composition and distribution of the variable nucleotide sites within the control region were similar to other avian species, but a series of short tandem repeated motifs in the 3' end of domain III made A nucleotides and length increased significantly. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these sequences could not well resolve the relationship among genus in Charadriiformes, but within genera maybe has some valuable phylogenetic information.

此外，本研究测定了鸻形目17种鸟类线粒体调控区序列，发现在碱基组成和进化速率上与其它鸟类相似，但其3'末端的串联重复序列导致domain III长度且A含量显著增加；利用调控区序列未能较好的解决鸻形目属以上水平的分类，但对于解决属内物种间的进化关系具有一定的参考价值。

Finally the two phylogenetic trees were compared and the phylogenetic affinity between the 16 species of the genus Chlamydomonas was analysed.

初步尝试以ITS分子序列系统发育分析作为传统性状分析的补充来研究衣藻种间的亲缘关系。

And, we selected some representative species of Collembola and representative groups of Protura, Diplura, Insecta and Arustacean to sequence and analyze their 18S rRNA completely gene sequences, 28S rRNA D6-D7 domain and nearly completely gene sequences to make the studies about the phylogeny relationships of the main families and orders of Collembola, discuss the questions such as the reliability about the new four orders system to Collembola, the monophyletic and ordinal phylogenetic relationships of them and the situation of the special groups, the phylogenetic relationships about Collembola with other groups and the evolution of Hexapod.

同时选取弹尾纲的代表种类和原尾纲、双尾纲、昆虫纲、甲壳动物等节肢动物部分类群，进行了18S rRNA基因全序列和28S rRNA基因D6-D7区以及近全长序列的测定、分析，对弹尾纲重要科属的亲缘关系、进化地位进行分子系统学研究，讨论弹尾纲最新分类系统中四目的确定性、各目单系性、四目的系统关系、特殊类群的分类地位，以及弹尾纲和其它类群之间亲缘关系、六足动物进化等问题。

Three major clusters of numt sequences ( cyt b numt、 ATP8+ATP6 numt and ND4+ tRNA-His+ tRNA-Ser numt) were particularity amplified and sequenced from 10 species within Galliformes and A.galericalata. Comparison numts sequences with homologous mitochondrial partial genes get the different evolutionary characteristics and evolutionary speed compared to mtDNA, then examine the age of insertion of numts using the sequence divergence of numt from the mtDNA. Finally, joined Coturnix japonica、 Coturnix chinensis、 Lophura leucomelana、 Lophura swinhoii and A.albifrons mitochondrial sequences in GenBank, we study the importance function to phylogenetic research of mitochondrial genes and homologous numts.The evolutionary rate of Numts is lower than their authentic sequences of mtDNA, cyt b and ND4 gene evolve faster than homologous numts 2.5 times; ATP8+ATP6 gene evolve faster than numts 18.9 times in Galliformes. Numts show less codon position bias and transition bias under not phylogenetic pressure.

根据2004年3月GenBank登录的红原鸡核基因组草图与其线粒体基因组比对发现红原鸡核基因组中存在3段较长的线粒体假基因，利用PCR方法扩增鸡形目10种鸟类和雁形目中鸳鸯核基因组中3段numt序列：cyt b numt、ATP8及下游ATP6 numt和ND4+tRNA-His+tRNA-Ser numt，测序后分别比较线粒体基因与核同源numt序列的进化特点和进化速率，确定numt序列插入核基因组的时间，以及结合GenBank已登录的日本鹌鹑、蓝胸鹑、黑鹇、蓝鹇和1个雁形目物种——白鹅雁(A.albifrons)相应序列探讨两种同源序列对于鸟类系统进化发育重建的重要作用。

The mitochondrial COⅠ gene sequences of 28 species of Cypraeidae including those of 11 species newly determined were used to reconstruct their phylogenetic trees using the neighbor-joining,maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods,aiming to clarify their phylogenetic relationships.

新测了分布于我国海南沿海的11种宝贝科软体动物的线粒体COⅠ基因序列，结合GenBank中17种该科动物的同源性序列片段，基于不同的数学模型，以邻接法、最大简约法和贝叶斯法构建了宝贝科分子系统树。

The sequence variation analyses showed that there are 236 variable and 221 parsimony-informative in the aligned 605 nucleotide sites, in addition, the relative frequenencies of four nucleotides were not equal an this fact showed that the base compositions were biased. The results of phylogenetic analyses showed:(1) the phylogenetic relationships of the Cypraeidae taxa was basically in consistent with morphology-based ones;(2)Cypraeovulinae was monophyletic in all trees, whereas Nariinae and Cypraeinae were not;(3)the monophylies of Mauritia, Palmadusta, Erosaria, Monetaria, Staphylaea and Pustularia were strongly supported by molecular data;(4)Meyer's speculation that Chelycypraea came out from Luria were also supported.

结果表明：(1)宝贝科28种动物的分子系统树大部分与形态学分类一致；(2)在系统树上，疹贝与鼻贝亚科的其它分类群的距离相隔较远，提示它们之间有较远的亲缘关系，建议将疹贝属列入宝贝亚科；(3)卵宝贝亚科包括希达贝、脊焦贝、筛目贝、拟枣贝、焦掌贝以及呆足贝等共计15个属，它们在系统树上构成独立的一个大支系，构成单系群；(4)支持Meyer将龟甲贝从禄亚贝总属中分离出来的观点，但龟甲贝和林西那贝之间的系统发生关系及其分类地位还有待于进一步探讨。

To study the phylogenetic relationships of Labeoninae fishes in Cyprinidae, the Phylogenetic Tree was reconstructed based on sequences of mitochondrial 16S rRNA.

为研究其在鲤科鱼类中的系统发育关系，以16S rRNA基因作为遗传标记进行鲤科鱼类的系统发育分析。

Lastly, based on analysis on phylogentic relationships among 39 ciliates combined with their main morphologic characters, some conclusion were drawn: 1 the monophyly of the peritrichs was strongly supported, and its subclass rank in the class Oligohymenophorea is reasonable; 2 the genus Epistylis might not be monophyletic, and the peristomial area, especially the peristomial lip, might be an important phylogenetic character within the genus Epistylis; 3 the taxonomic rank of the genus Carchesium and the genus Campanella were suggested to be adjusted; 4 Opisthonecta probably diverged from peritrichs with stalks; 5 the phylogenetic tree of peritrichs was reconstructed based on the molecular information inferred from SSrRNA gene sequences and the morphology.

测定了6科8属13种缘毛类纤毛虫的SSrDNA序列，将构建的最大简约树和邻接树与形态学相结合，分析得出：1）缘毛类纤毛虫是单系的，其分类地位是隶属于纤毛门寡膜纲缘毛亚纲：2）指出累枝虫属可能不是单系的，口围区是累枝虫属中重要的系统发育特征；3）建议调整独缩虫和聚钟虫属的分类地位；4）得出后游虫可能是由有柄缘毛类进化而来的类群；5）基于缘毛类反口区结构和SSrRNA基因序列提供的信息重建了缘毛类纤毛虫的系统发育树。

Moreover, CoI gene was more conservative and a lower evolutionary rate than Cyt b gene. CoI gene was an effective marker in analysing the phylogenesis of families in Passeriformes. It can be used in identifying the species of Passeriformes, but it was revealed that CoI gene was more suitable to identify the phylogenetic relationship of avian family unit than Cyt b gene, and CoI gene can be a molecular marker to identify avian species. But in species identification, CoI gene was less stable and accurate than Cyt b gene. We suggested youd better employ the other marker if you have the CoI gene only.(2) In the phylogenetic trees of birds from Lanius, L.

比较分析了雀形目6科15种鸟类的细胞色素b全序列和CoI基因部分序列，结果显示细胞色素b和CoI基因序列的变异位点分别为454个和366个、简约信息位点为337个和303个，而且线粒体CoI基因比细胞色素b基因略微保守、进化速率也较低；CoI基因在确定雀形目科级阶元之间的系统发生关系方面是一种有效的分子标记，同时它也能够用于雀形目鸟类的物种鉴定，但在物种鉴别方面不如细胞色素b基因稳定、准确。

I was just taking her hand, to help her out of a car, and I knew it.

我只是握着她的手，扶她下车，但我知道这一切。

China and South Korea have excoriated Japan over its approval of new school books which they say whitewash the atrocities committed during Japanese occupation, and anti-Japanese protests have been held in Chinese cities. The lingering bitterness over Japan's past imperialism still threatens to mar relations between the big East Asian powers

中国和韩国强烈谴责日本通过新的中学历史教科书，他们认为这一教科书掩盖了日本在其占领期间所犯下的残酷暴行，反日抗议活动在中国数座城市发生，历史上日本帝国主义制造的痛楚无法被忘却，这有可能破坏东亚强国间的关系。