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The treating process of blowing O_2、 N_2 Ar into molten cast iron and the dynamics and thermodynamics of the blowing process are studied. The effects of gas composite, blowing intensity, blowing form and molten iron temperature on molten iron composition and casting quality are analysed. And molten pig iron of the blast furnace is blown in 3t ladle.

用O_2、N_2、Ar气体对铁水进行吹炼处理，分析了吹炼处理的热力学与动力学原理，研究了吹炼处理的气体组成、吹气强度、吹气方式以及铁水温度对铁水成分与铸件质量的影响，并在3t铁水包中对高炉铁水直接进行吹炼处理。

Several factors that affect the stability of solder bridging spanning two identical circular pads are considered herein, including the pad size, the total volume of solder bumps, the pitch between adjacent pads, the contact angle between the molten solder alloy and the pad, the contact angle between the molten solder alloy and the solder mask and the surface tension of the molten solder alloy, respectively.

锡桥稳定性之影响因子，如垫片尺寸、焊锡凸块总体积、相邻垫片脚距、熔融焊锡与垫片间之接触角、熔融焊锡与防焊层间之接触角以及熔融焊锡之表面张力等均分别予以有系统之探讨。

So, using magnesia and calcia crucible in VIF respectively, the experiments on deep deoxidation by carbon and the phenomenon of oxygen contamination from crucible materials in the molten steel under some temperature and vacuity and oxygen content of the molten steel were made and it were found that properly low melting temperature and vacuity helped to lighten and even avoid oxygen contamination from crucible material and the refining effect of final oxygen content of 5×10-4% in the molten steel was achieved using calcia crucible with better resistance to thermal shock under higher vacuity.

为此，分别采用MgO炉衬与CaO炉衬，在真空感应炉中对钢液用碳进行深脱氧和炉衬供氧现象实验研究，发现：(1)在适当低的熔炼温度和真空度下，可以减轻甚至避免炉衬热分解向钢液供氧；(2)采用热稳定性优越的CaO炉衬，在较高的真空度下可达到钢液最终全氧含量低于5×10-4%的精炼效果。

With the using of EMBR, the height variation of molten steel in mold is decreased obviously,the temperatrue of molten steel in mold increases about 10℃,the inclusion amounts in molten steel are less and their diameters are smeller,the biggest diameter is under 20 um.

采用电磁制动技术后，结晶器页面波动幅度明显降低，结晶器内钢也温度约上升10摄氏度左右，钢中非金属夹杂物数量较少且尺寸较小，未发现直径大于20um的夹杂物。

Active calcareousness, which has many advantages as the activator of steel-making residue, such as reducing the melting period, refining molten steel process, enhancing the purity and output of molten steel, decreasing the consumption of calcareousness and fluorite, increasing the life of converter, etc. is one of the basic raw materials introduced in steel-making industry. Besides it can be used in the purifying process of the molten steel.

活性石灰是钢铁工业的基本原料，它作为炼钢的造渣剂，具有缩短冶炼时间、提高钢水纯净度及收得率、降低石灰及萤石消耗、提高转炉炉衬寿命等优点，还可以应用于钢水精练过程。

During the actual production, that the oxygen contamination from the crucible material by heat composition increases the oxygen content of molten steel will result in melting losses of the alloys in the molten steel, and will results in more heavier melting losses of the alloys, incontrollable exact chemical content of molten steel, increment of oxide inclusions and bad processability and serviceability, especially in the high strength(σb≥1600MPa) steels and alloys with special performance used in aerospace industry, manufacturing industry for precision instruments and meters, military industry, nuclear industry etc. because these steels usually have a high content of some active alloys such as Ti, V, Nb, Al, RE, etc. and a nearly zero content of dissolved oxygen.

实际生产中，如果炉衬热分解向钢液供氧，势必会造成钢液中合金元素的烧损，尤其是在航空航天、精密仪器仪表制造、军工及核工业部门使用的某些具有特殊性能的高强度(抗拉强度σb≥1600MPa)合金或钢材，因它们通常需要具有较高的活泼合金元素(如Ti、V、Nb、Al、RE等)含量，且钢中溶解氧含量接近于零，炉衬热分解供氧将造成这些合金元素的大量烧损，其结果是钢液化学成分难以精确控制，并增加了氧化物夹杂含量，恶化了钢的加工和使用性能。

MgO-C brick has a good erosion resistance but Al〓O〓-C brick is better. Corrosion mechanism for refractory without carbon is that FeO and oxides of molten slag take place chemical reaction with constituents of refractory and forming low fusing point compounds to be dissolved in molten slag. For those refractory containing graphite carbon is to be decarburized in advance and to form decarburizing layer and metamorphosis layer. The subsequent corrosion is decarburizing and taking chemical reaction to form low fusing point compounds and dissolved in molten slag at the same time.

铁浴中硅和钛的扩散是影响铁浴及熔渣与耐火材料作用的重要因素，耐火材料中添加的TiO〓和SiC受熔渣氧化和侵蚀，将被部分还原形成Si，Ti向铁浴中扩散，Si、Ti在铁浴中的扩散研究结果是： D〓=1.84×10〓exp（－5988.7/T） cm〓/S E〓=49766 J/mol D〓=7.76×10〓exp（－53225.5/T） cm〓/S E〓=442304 J/mol 铁浴式熔融还原熔体对粘土砖，高铝砖，镁砖的侵蚀速度很高，镁碳砖抗侵蚀能力比前几种耐火材料强，但不如铝碳砖；对不含碳耐火材料在熔体中的侵蚀是熔渣中FeO及其它氧化物与耐火材料组分的化学反应形成低熔点物熔蚀进入渣相，产生损毁。

Superimposing rotating magnetic field could reduce the total oxygen concentration of molten steel, in the situation of 80~120 r/min, the removal efficiency of total oxygen could be reached to 70% for molten carbon steel and 38% for molten stainless steel.

旋转磁场的施加使钢液中全氧含量迅速降低，在80~120r/min的转速下，碳钢可以获得约70％、不锈钢可以获得38％以上的全氧含量去除效率。

The results reveal that spectra obtained by different parametric methods are similar. The spectra of normal cells' voltage have only one noticeable lobe due to fluctuation of molten alumina at anodes, while spectra of other abnormal cells have one mainlobe and one sidelobe. In cells with carbon in bath the spectral mainlobe of cell voltage is still due to the fluctuation of molten alumina at anodes and the sidelobe is due to the fluctuation of carbon in bath; in cells with metal pad wave, the spectral mainlobe is due to metal pad waving and the sidelobe is still due to the fluctuation of molten alumina at anodes. Compared with wavelet packet analysis, spectral analysis is simpler and takes less time in calculation, which is a big merit in the large-scale application of online diagnosis systems of working conditions in aluminum reduction cells.

研究结果表明：不同的参数估计法得到趋于一致的频谱分析结果，正常槽只有1个尖锐谱峰，对应于阳极下熔融氧化铝涌动的特征峰，其他故障槽都有2个特征谱峰，即1个主峰和1个次峰，碳渣槽的主峰仍然对应着阳极下熔融氧化铝涌动特征峰，次峰对应悬浮碳渣的涌动特征峰；铝液波动槽主峰对应铝液波动特征峰，次峰对应着熔融氧化铝涌动的特征峰；频谱分析相对于小波包分析具有算法简单、耗时少、物理意义明确等特点，在槽况在线诊断系统的大规模推广中具有优势。

ABSTRACT In the present paper experimental studies on thermodynamic behaviour of titanium and silicon oxides in a number of quaternary and pentanary molten slags have been made by means of H〓O/H〓 chemical equilibrium between copper melts and molten slags in alundum crucibles with the molybdenum plate as the liners.

本文采用H〓O/H〓定组成混合气体与钼衬坩埚中熔渣之间的化学平衡方法，实验研究了多个四元和五元熔渣中钛和硅氧化物的热力学行为。

The small blue capacitor has very high chances to go fully shorted compare to electrolytic capacitor which is very rare.

小蓝电容器具有很高的机会去充分地缩短了比较电解电容器，这是非常罕见的。

In the Italian campaigns of 1513 and 1515, when the Swiss won the victories of Novara and Marignan, he acted as army chaplain.

在意大利的运动， 1513年和1515年，当瑞士赢得了胜利，诺瓦拉和marignan ，他担任军队的牧师。