查询词典 logicians

Frege's second-order predicate calculus was based on the 'function-argument' analysis of propositions and it freed logicians from the limitations of the 'subject-predicate' analysis of Aristotelian logic.

弗雷格第二阶谓词微积分是基于'功能参数的分析命题，它摆脱了限制逻辑学家的'主谓'亚里士多德逻辑分析。

This thesis inductively points out where the logicians did not satisfied with the theory of type mainly lies in two points, the axiom of reducibility first and the vicious-circle principle second. This thesis has discussed Ramsay's improvements as well as the criticism from Godel. Then, it observes that they two had a common view, viz. rejecting the vicious-circle principle from the points of Realism. Against Russell's insisting on this principle, such a rejecting seems so distinguished, which, this thesis argued, was the deep difference between Realism and Nominalism shedding on the reality of classes.

文中主要探讨了莱姆塞对类型论所做的改进以及哥德尔对类型论的批评，指出这二者的共同点是从实在论的立场来拒斥恶性循环原则，他们对恶性循环原则的拒斥同罗素对它的坚持形成了鲜明的对比，本文认为，这种对比所反映出来的差别实际上就是在类的实在性问题上实在论和唯名论的差别。

He deemed that even though the premise of inductive inference was authentic, it was not the guarantee of authenticity of conclusion. Philosophers and logicians have tried quite a few ways to solve the issue, that is, to do deductive proof ; to do inductive proof with the help of the uniformity of the world; and so on.

对这一问题，哲学家和逻辑学家提出了种种解决途径：或借助概率弱化归纳推理的结论，企图对之作演绎论证；或借"世界齐一性"对之作归纳证明；或诉诸无知的解决方式；或釜底抽薪的解决方式。

We reach the same conclusion from a consideration of the concomitant circumstances, taking into account both the hearers and the Institutor, Those who heard the words of Institution were not learned Rationalists, possessed of the critical equipment that would enable them, as philologists and logicians, to analyze an obscure and mysterious phraseology; they were simple, uneducated fishermen, from the ordinary ranks of the people, who with childlike naveté hung upon the words of their Master and with deep faith accepted whatever He proposed to them, This childlike disposition had to be reckoned with by Christ, particularly on the eve of His Passion and Death, when He made His last will and testament and spoke as a dying father to His deeply afflicted children.

我们得出同样的结论，从审议该并存的情况下，考虑到既hearers和institutor ，那些听到的话院校均没有学会理性，具备了最关键的设备，这将使它们，因为语文学家和logicians ，分析一个晦涩和神秘的说法，他们被简单的，没有受过教育的渔民，从普通级别的人，与一个小孩子naveté后，洪的话来说自己的主人，并与笃信接受的，无论他建议对他们来说，这一个小孩子处置不得不不可忽视的，由基督的，尤其是对即将到来的，他的激情和死亡，当他取得了他的最后遗嘱，并作了发言，作为一个垂死的父亲，他深感困扰的儿童。

"Logicians distinguish two main types of implication, material and strict. Proposition p materially implies proposition q if and only if the material conditional p q (read "if p then q") is true"

逻辑学家将蕴涵分成实质的和严格的两种主要类型。p命题实质蕴涵q命题，若且唯若实质条件pq为真

The question, famed of old, by which logicians were supposed to be driven into a corner, obliged either to have recourse to a pitiful sophism, or to confess their ignorance and consequently the emptiness of their whole art, is the A58 question: What is truth?

一个由来已久而著名于世的[4]问题，人们认为是使逻辑家无所措手足的[5]，而且，或者迫使他们陷入可怜的诡辩，或者迫使他们承认自己的无知，从而承认他们的整个逻辑是空洞的。这问题就是：真理是什么？

On the one hand, Implication paradox provides semantics grounding for two conditional inference principles; on the other hand, the discovery of implication paradox arouses logicians discussion to the implication theory and makes them put forward many new implication theories such as: strict implication -, relevant implication and etc., and promotes the development of the implication theory and makes implication theory step down mysterious palace, and gradually penetrates into many other concrete sciences.

一方面，正是由于蕴涵怪论为传统逻辑两个假言推理规则提供了语义学根据；另一方面，正是由于蕴涵怪论的发现，引发了逻辑学家们对蕴涵理论的深入探讨，提出了许多新的蕴涵理论如严格蕴涵，相干蕴涵，衍推蕴涵等等，推动了逻辑学蕴涵理论的发展，并促使蕴涵理论走下神秘的殿堂，而逐步深入到许多具体的学科中去。

In proof of this interpretation, examples are quoted from scripture, as:"The seven kine are seven years"(Genesis 41:26) or:"Sara and Agar are the two covenants"(Galatians 4:24), Waiving the question whether the verb "to be" of itself can ever be used as the "copula in a figurative relation" or express the "relation of identity in a metaphorical connection", which most logicians deny, the fundamental principles of logic firmly establish this truth, that all propositions may be divided into two great categories, of which the first and most comprehensive denominates a thing as it is in itself (eg "Man is a rational being"), whereas the second designates a thing according as it is used as a sign of something else (eg,"This picture is my father").

在证明这一点的解释，例如引述经文为：&七凯恩斯是七年&（创41：26 ），或者：&萨拉和琼脂是两个人权公约&（加拉太4时24分），免收问题是否动词&，以&的本身都不能被利用为& Copula的一种形象化的关系&或表述&的关系，身份，在一个隐喻性联系&，其中最logicians否认的，基本原则的逻辑，牢固树立了这个真理，即所有的主张，可分为两个大类，其中第一和最全面的denominates一件事情，因为这是在自己（如：&人是一种理性的&），而第二指定事据，因为它是用来作为标志的东西，别人（例如，&这张照片是我爸爸&）。

One of the most influential medieval logicians and theologians.

其中最有影响力的中世纪logicians和神学家。

Most logicians hold that tense reflects time and that tense is a constant argument of the proposition,whereas other logicians adhere to the thesis that tense has nothing to do with the truth-value of the proposition,but that it is a necessary part of the clause which carries the belief that the involved action,etc.should be successful.

逻辑学家一般认为，时态反映时间，时态是判断命题真假的一个常项；尽管也有学者坚持时态与时间无关，但却强调时态是确保小句所述活动能否实现的一个必要成分。

It goes back to what I told you...

现在回到我告诉过你的。。。

With a supporter in Mr Charest and an admirer in Mr Dumont, Mr Harper may be encouraged to call an election himself.

由于在沙雷那边有个支持者，杜蒙那边有个崇拜者，鼓励哈珀为自己举行一次选举。