查询词典 level

Using level-set method, mathematical representation for contimuum structures is proposed by means of the vector of level-set, and the general structure topology optimization can be expressed by a constrained functional minimization problem of a set of level set functions.

其次利用水平集方法将一般拓扑优化问题描述为一组水平集函数的约束泛函极小化问题，应用敏度分析，给出了此泛函极小化数值迭代求解公式，即水平集演化方程。

By establishing MINLP model, the computation of phase equilibrium is transformed into a constrained two-level minimization problem. On the inner level, equilibrium composition is computed; On the outer level, the optimum phase combination configuration is searched for. The whole solving process is achieved by Genetic Algorithm.

通过建立MINLP模型，将相平衡计算问题转化为有约束的双层最优化问题，内层用来计算给定相组合结构下的平衡组成，外层则是搜索最优的相组合结构，整个求解过程通过遗传算法来实现。

Both theory and practice analysis illustrate that stronger divergence field results from uneven distributed horizontal wind field on the right when high level current axis slopes. Owing to convectional wind convergence at low level responds to high level divergence and leads to storm.

理论和实际分析均表明：高空急流轴一旦发生倾斜，则由于其出口区水平风场的分布不均匀势必会在倾斜急流轴出口区的右侧产生较强的辐散场，由于对流风的作用，低层辐合必然会对高层辐散产生响应，诱发暴雨发生。

He proved that the left ward turning of Yangtze river diluted water is mainly resulted from the interaction between the bottom declining and the lag of the transversal pressure gradient, made the numerical simulation and preliminary study on the thermohaline staircase structure formation mechanism, improved American Academician Wunsch's inverse method of ocean circulation, jointed the discover of " Mindanao Under Current", which is the first ocean current found and named by Chinese scientists and widely accepted over the world, simulated the horizontal and vertical carbon fluxes in East China Sea by a simple ecosystem model, estimated the photosynthesis efficiency less than 8% in Jiaozhou Bay, applied statistical downscaling technology to Chinese coast and Japanese islands realizing the simulation and forecast of sea level low frequency variations, pointed out that the quasi-periodicity of El Nino events should be resulted from the interaction between the 3~4 year oscillation in tropical Pacific and decadal oscillation in the northern Pacific of middle latitudes of the air-sea coupled climate system and at decadal time scale the precipitation influence on sea level variation along Chinese coast and Japanese islands becomes more important, which is closely related to the decadal oscillation of air-sea coupled climate system, therefore precipitation most likely play a major role for the decadal oscillation formation;; proposed Extended Associate Pattern Analysis to analyse combined observed datasets of sea surface temperature and sea level pressure or geopotential hight at 1000 hPa (GH1000) over the Pacific and related seas.

论证了长江冲淡水向左转向主要由于底形下倾与横向压力梯度滞后相互作用的结果。对温盐阶梯结构的形成过程及物理机制进行了数值模拟与初步探讨。改进了美国科学院院士Wunsch的大洋环流反演法。与胡敦欣院士共同发现了"棉兰老潜流"，这是第一支由中国科学家发现、命名并得到普遍承认的洋流。借助较为简单的生态模式数值模拟了东海的水平与垂直碳通量；胶州湾浮游植物的屏蔽效应可以使底层海水温度在升温季节降低2度，由此推算出其光合作用的效率应小于8%；浮游植物春季水华的生物过程实际上强化了海水层化的物理过程。将统计学降尺度技术应用于日本列岛和我国沿海，实现了海平面长周期变化的模拟与预报。

The experiment identified weed control spectrum of toxin and sensitivity to main crops. The result showed that dayflower and goosefoot were most sensitive to toxin with injury response of level 4, followed by redroot pigweed and eragrostioid with injury response of level 3 and level 2, respectively. Among the main crops, corn and sorghum were susceptible to toxin while wheat, soybean and peanut were insensitive.

粗毒素杀草谱和对作物安全性测试结果为：鸭跖草和藜对毒素最敏感，伤害反应为4级；反枝苋和虎尾草伤害反应分别为3级和1级；玉米和高粱对粗毒素敏感，小麦、大豆和花生对粗毒素不敏感。

The result showed that dayflower and goosefoot was most sensitive to toxin which injury response reached to level 4,then redroot pigweed and eragrostioid which injury response was level 3 and level 2 respectively.Among main crops corn and sorghum were susceptible to toxin while wheat,soybean and peanut were insensitive to toxin.

粗毒素杀草谱和对作物安全性测试结果为鸭跖草和藜对毒素最敏感，伤害反应为4级，反枝苋和虎尾草伤害反应分别为3级和1级；玉米和高粱对粗毒素敏感，小麦、大豆和花生不敏感。6。

To accelerate the widespread of Synchronous Chip Seal and improve the operation quality of Synchronous Chipsealer, key techniques which influence the operation quality is studied detailedly, including the control of distributing quality, the dynamics characteristics of hydraulic system and the spray characteristics of asphalt nozzle of Synchronous Chipsealer.1 The factors which influence Synchronous Chip Seal quality are studied. Fiducial probability of simultaneous distribution density is advised to be used in evaluating the distribution bias and standard deviation of asphalt and aggregates simultaneously, which is more advanced than the single index evaluation method used before.2 The volume efficiency formula of asphalt pump is revised after analyzing the data of volume efficiency with mathematical statistics, which is helpful to match the asphalt spray system and control the flow out of asphalt pump accurately. With equation deduction and experiment, dynamic of hydraulic system used in Synchronous Chipsealer is studied, which lay the theory foundation on improving the stability and efficiency from design and controlling.4 Simulation on hydraulic system used in Synchronous Chipsealer is done with AMESim; the results indicate that multi-circle parallel connected hydraulic system with constant pressure power is better than that with load-sensing pressure power at present, because the latter will oscillate when the multi circles work at the same time. This conclusion has been proved during the debug of Synchronous Chipsealer.5 Asphalt nozzle characteristics, such as flat jet shape, flow distribution, are studied with experiment, the results indicate that cross quality of asphalt distributing is not increased linearly follow the increase of fan overlap level, the best point usually exists between two whole overlap level, asphalt distributing quality is better than±4% at the 2.5 overlap level, meets the superior specified in standard; The distribution quality of Synchronous Chipsealer can be increased by spray asphalt of different flow rang with nozzle of different diameter

为了加快同步碎石封层技术的推广，提高同步碎石封层设备的作业质量，本文对同步碎石封层设备作业质量的影响因素与控制方法、液压系统的动力学特性和沥青喷嘴的喷洒特性等关键技术进行了深入细致的研究：1研究了影响同步碎石封层作业质量的因素，提出了采用联合密度分布置信概率对同步碎石封层中沥青洒布量和碎石撒布量的系统偏差和标准差指标进行综合评价的方法，克服了传统评价方法只能对单一指标进行评价的缺陷；2采用数理统计的方法，研究了沥青泵的容积效率特性，修正了沥青泵容积效率公式，为沥青喷洒系统的匹配和沥青泵出口流量的精确控制提供了依据；采用数理方程推导与试验相结合的方法，研究了同步碎石封层设备液压系统的动力学特性，为从设计和控制的角度提高同步碎石封层设备液压系统的稳定性和效率奠定了理论基础；3运用AMESim软件对采用负载敏感控制和恒压控制的两种同步碎石封层设备液压系统进行仿真，结果表明：负载敏感控制的并联液压系统在多回路同时工作时，由于液压泵排量控制参考压力不稳定，容易引发液压系统振荡，恒压控制的并联液压系统是目前技术条件下比较理想的同步碎石封层设备工作装置驱动方案；该结论亦通过同步碎石封层设备装机试验得到了验证。4采用试验的方法对沥青喷嘴的喷洒特性进行了研究，结果表明：沥青洒布的横向精度并不是随着喷洒扇面重叠度的增加线性增加，其最高点通常出现在二个重叠度之间的"半重叠位置"，"2.5重叠"洒布时，沥青的横向洒布精度≤±4%，可以达到国家相关标准中的优级标准；同步碎石封层设备还可以根据不同洒布量情况下的流量需求，采用不同通径的喷嘴进行喷洒，提高沥青洒布精度。

Furthermore, a multi-container port bi-level programming model under the uncertainty conditions is established, and stochastic bi-level programming model is transformed into deterministic bi-level programming model according to random programming theory.

针对本文建立的双层规划模型，采用基于灵敏度分析的启发式算法S(来源：Ad1BC65论76文网www.abclunwen.com)AB求解。同时进一步建立了不确定条件下的双层规划模型，并且根据随机规划理论转化为确定型双层规划模型。

DSP is used to realize digital controllers of velocity-loop and position-loop. Analyze and validate that dividing high-level continue controller to several low-level controllers, then discretize the low-level controllers to form series controller can depress the discretization control error.

采用DSP实现速度环和位置环的数字控制器，分析并验证了连续域高阶控制器分解成连续域低阶控制器，将低阶控制器离散后进行串联控制，这种实现方式的数字控制器与连续域控制器之间的控制误差，将远小于直接将连续域高阶控制器离散成高阶数字控制器产生的控制误差。

The level of urbanization is positively correlated with the development of social and economy, and it is usually considered as an important token of economy development standard of the nation and region.The statistic in 2007 showed that the urbanization rate of Shan Dong province is 46.75%.The process of urbanization has been transformed from the rapid growth to the stable, and the quality has been improved entirely. But there still exist some problems, such as the urbanization level is below the industrialization level, the urban system is distempered and the development of small towns is backward.

城市化水平与社会经济的发展程度密切相关，城市化水平的高低可以用来衡量一个国家或者地区的经济发展状况。2007年山东省城市化水平达到46.75%，城市化进程正从高速增长期过渡到平稳增长期，城市化质量全面提升，但仍存在城市化水平仍落后于工业化水平，城市分布不均，体制不健全，小城镇发展落后等问题。

Chinese traditional virtue is humility and wariness,the compliment and praise to the others should be declination

中国人的传统美德是谦虚谨慎，对别人的恭维和夸奖应是推辞。如

We bought this house on the never-never.

我们以分期付款的方式买下这座房子。