查询词典 laws

Current FOI laws are greatly different in scope,exceptions,enforcement and ease of access.FOI laws have encountered many challenges.

在现有的立法中，从范围、例外，到执行、获取的便利性，都存在较大的差异，而且信息公开法在实施中遇到了各种挑战。

The rule of foreseeability is provided in the civil laws or contract laws in many countries, as one of the important tests for limitation on compensation for breach in contract.

可预见性原则是限制违约损害赔偿的重要标准，已在世界各国的民法或合同法中得到普遍的确立。

In the part I, the concept, development and current lawmaking status of E-mail are introduced. In this part, the writer states the source, development and basic technical principals of E-mail and analyses its current application status and the importance of effectiveness identification of being evidence. Besides, related international laws on E-mail and lawmaking status in many countries are introduced. Present situation of our country's lawmaking and related model laws since the utilization of E-business and E-mail are also stated and discussed. Part II emphasizes on the differences between E-mail and traditional evidences and generalizes the characteristics of E-mail, i.e.: forgeability, changeability, dependence, uncertainty, duplicatability and transmission. Through the detailed analysis, the writer concludes that it is the above-mentioned characteristics to hinder E-mail becoming the effective evidence. Part III is the key one of this article and mainly discusses the effectiveness identification of E-mail as evidence. In this part, the writer states how the 5 characteristics of E-mail mentioned in Part II to affect the validity and authenticity of E-mail as evidence.

第一部分介绍了电子邮件的概念、发展及立法现状，在该部分中笔者详细阐述了电子邮件的产生、发展以及电子邮件运作的基本技术原理，论述了电子邮件目前的应用状况以及解决其作为证据被认定问题的重要性，同时还介绍了世界上与电子邮件有关的相关国际规范以及各国立法的情况，并讨论了我国自电子商务及电子邮件使用以来的立法现状以及相关的典型立法；第二部分重点阐述了电子邮件与传统证据的区别，并将这些区别归纳为电子邮件作为数据电文的一种类型所具有的特殊属性，即：易伪造性，易修改性，依附性，原件不确定性，易复制和传播性，通过对这些特性的详细阐述，得出了这些属性是导致电子邮件无法成为有效证据的主要障碍的这一结论；第三部分是本文的重点，着重讨论了电子邮件证据效力的认定问题，该部分主要阐述了第二部分提及的电子邮件的五个特性造成了电子邮件证据在合法性和真实性这二方面的障碍。

James Kent and Joseph Story amend the American Equity on the position of positive laws, while David Dadley Field paved a path for the codification of American laws and Christopher Langdell established the system of Judicial Formulism or Begriffs Jurisprudence.

肯特与斯托里从实证法的立场出发，对于美国衡平法进行了改造。

The viewpoint about how to ensure safety production is expatiated from the aspect of safety management. Several questions that should be solved in mine safety management are discussed particularly firstly in this paper. In second part, with the principle of accident tree, some representative cases in one mine are analyzed, and more thirty laws are educed about the time, places and working procedure that easily make accidents happen, and the conclusion is confirmed by a lot of accident cases happened in our country. In third part, the Five Elements about mine safety are analyzed, they are: the basis is quality standardization, furnishment should be mechanised, management should be strictly based on laws, prevention should be ahead of time, the emphasis is group construction.

本文从安全管理的角度阐述如何保证安全生产的观点，首先详细论述了煤矿安全工作中应解决的几个认识问题；第二部分通过事故树原理分析，就典型矿井的案例揭示了煤矿容易发生事故的时间、地点、生产工序、人员等三十多条规律，总结和统计全国煤矿事故，进一步印证了这些观点的正确性；第三部分分析了煤矿安全的"五要素"，即基础是质量标准化、装备是机械化、管理是依法从严，预防就是超前，重点就是班组建设。

Huang Ray wanted to explain that this empire had laws, but one was look as fusty man if he 100 percent obeyed the laws.

黄仁宇要说的就是，当时想想看这个帝国有法律，但是问题是，一个百分百要遵守法律的官却被人认为是迂腐的，这说明什么呢？

First, by utilizing classical Gauss motion equations, we derived the three separate control laws, which could maximize the time rate of change of a desired orbital element. Then, the separate control laws were blended based on the deficit between current and target value of orbital state. Finally, to obtain the optimal guidance law effectively and reliably, a hybrid method combining genetic algorithm with sequential quadratic programming was used to optimize the weight values.

首先利用传统Gauss型运动方程，推导出三个轨道根数增大最快的独立控制律；然后根据当前根数与目标值的偏差量对独立控制律进行加权组合；最后为高效可靠地获得最优制导律，采用一种遗传算法和逐次二次规划相结合的混合方法对权重进行了优化。

The thesis places an emphasis on present policy of treatment to foreign investment in China. To some degree China has authorized foreign investment national treatment is some areas, which is revealed in domestic laws and rules and bilateral treaties. Meanwhile, there are still some non-standardconditions in practice such as super-national treatment and sub-national treatment The author points out the major problems and cause in present treatment to foreign investment: the deviation between giddily mind and understanding; reconciliation between laws and rules; low level of marketing economic system and internationalization.

在此基础上重点是分析我国的现行外资待遇制度的现状：我国在一定范围、一定程度上对外商投资实行了国民待遇，它体现在我们的法律和法规上，表现在双边保护投资协定之中，同时在实施上还存在着超国民待遇与次国民待遇并存的不规范状况；指出我国现行外资待遇制度存在的主要问题和产生这种待遇制度的主要因素：指导思想和认识上的偏差、我国法律、法规的不统一和经济市场化和国际化程度不高等。

In the words of George Gilder, a campaigner for this ideology,"because economies are governed by thoughts, they reflect not the laws of matter but the laws of mind."

用George Gilder，这种意识形态的鼓吹者，的话说，"由于经济受思想的限制，所以它们反应精神的法则而不是物质的法则。"

As the ranks of grey-haired workers swell, they will become more demanding—laws or no laws.

随着老年工人阶层不断扩大，他们将变得更有所求，无论有法律还是没有法律。

Objective To investigate the effects of interleukin-1 β converting enzyme gene on the biologic characteristics of ovarian cancer cells.

目的 探讨白细胞介素-1 β转换酶的表达，对卵巢癌细胞生物学特性的影响。

Campylobacter: This illness is the most commonly identified cause of diarrheal illness in the world.

弯曲：这种病是最常见的原因查明腹泻病，在世界上。