查询词典 element of surface

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Model node, element, ligament spring element analog to digital number, surface contact number.

主要观察指标：建立模型的节点和单元数、韧带的弹簧单元模拟数目、表面接触数目。

An equal cross-section blade was investigated and a finite element model was built parametrically. Geometrical parameters (such as length, width and thickness), material parameters (such as young's modulus and density) and speed of blade were considered as input random variables while the static frequencies and dynamic frequencies were output random variables. Combining the finite element method, response surface method and Monte Carlo method, the statistical properties and cumulative distribution functions of static frequencies and dynamic frequencies were obtained. Probability sensitivities analysis, which combined the slope of the gradient and the width of the scatter range of the random input variables, was applied to quantitatively evaluate the sensitivities of static frequencies and dynamic frequencies with respect to the random variables. The Scatter plots of structural responses with respect to the random input variables were illustrated how to adjust the values of the static frequencies and dynamic frequencies by changing input random variables.

文中以某试验台用汽轮机等直叶片为研究对象，考虑几何参数、材料参数和转速的随机性，通过有限元参数化建模，将确定性有限元方法、响应面方法和Monte-Carlo模拟法相结合，从而获得了叶片静频、动频的统计特性和累积分布函数；同时考虑随机变量的梯度和离散范围对静、动频的影响，通过概率敏感性分析，定量地判断出叶片静、动频对随机输入变量的敏感性；通过绘制叶片静、动频与输入变量的散点图，定量地分析了如何改变随机变量以调整静、动频率的方法。

In order to verify the accuracy of heat transfer coefficient,2D nonlinear finite element axisymmetric model is established by the means of finite element software MSC.Marc, which is utilized to simulate the transient temperature field coupled with phase transformation process and nonlinear synthetic surface heat transfer coefficient of several typical steels in the different quenchants.

Marc作为模拟平台，建立了淬火过程二维非线性有限元模型，模拟淬火过程中的瞬态温度场，在模拟过程中以多种常用钢在不同淬火介质中的非线性表面综合换热系数为边界条件，同时耦合了相变过程的影响。

Because of the excellent flatness of the semiconductor element mounting surface, the quantity of a peripheral light of a taken image hardly drops even with a wide-angle lens, if the hollow resin package is used in a digital single-lens reflex camera or the like using a large-sized solid image pickup element.

另外，由于半导体元件搭载面的平坦性优异，因此，如果将本发明的树脂制中空封装用于使用大型的固体摄像元件的数码单镜反光相机等，即使使用广角镜头，摄影图像的周边光量的降低也少。

The main factors affecting the soil-structure interface behaviors were found experimentally and theoretically, including: 1 the thickness of the interface that is five to six times the average grain size of the soil; 2 the aeolotropy of interface, which is responsible for anisotropic response of the stress-strain response of the interface; 3 two physical states, including crashing and compression of the soil near the structure surface, which govern the stress-strain response of the interface strongly; 4 two shear deformation components due to sliding and constraint of the structure surface relative to the soil respectively, which forms the deformation of the interface; 5 the volumetric strain due to dilatancy, which is found to be composed of a reversible dilatancy component and an irreversible dilatancy component. 4. A unified constitutive model of the interface, based on new elasto-plasticity damage theory, was developed. It was confirmed to be effective for the conditions considering monotonic and cyclic shearing, coupling effect of shear and volumetric strains, evolution of physical state, micro-structure aeolotropy of the soil and the resulting aeolotropy of the interface as well as the three normal boundary conditions stated above. 5. 2D and 3D finite element formulations of the present model were derived and incorporated into the FEM codes. They were applied to the evaluation of practical engineering problems with different typical interfaces between soil and structure. The new model was shown to be reasonable and effective.

确定了粗粒土与结构接触面厚度约为5～6倍的平均粒径，首次揭示了接触面的细观结构异向性以及由此所引起的宏观剪切异向性，发现了在单调和往返剪切荷载作用下土颗粒破碎和剪切压密两种物态变化机制共同支配着接触面力学性质的变化，通过细观分析证实了接触面的变形可分解为一般同时发生的土与结构交界面上的滑移变形以及结构面位移约束范围之内土体本身的剪切变形两部分，观测到接触面受剪时表现出明显的相对法向位移，并可分解为可逆性和不可逆性两个分量；(4)建立了第一个能够统一地描述单调与往返剪切特性、剪应变与体应变耦合特性、细观结构和宏观剪切异向性以及土颗粒破碎等物态变化特性的土与结构接触面弹塑性损伤本构数学模型，并采用多种法向边界条件复杂加载路径的试验成果验证了新模型的合理性和有效性；(5)提出了新模型的二、三维有限元格式并结合实际边值问题进行了应用计算分析，比较了不同接触面本构模型对计算结果的影响，证实了新模型及其有限元格式不仅能够合理地描述土与结构接触面的主要力学特性，还能够较好地反映土体与结构物在接触面处的滑移、脱开等不连续现象。

The less the oxygen content and the more content of N element in the form of pyrrole-N were observed under stronger microwave power radiation. It was affirmed that the desulfurization capability of activated carbon could be greatly increased by microwave modification. According to the analysis on surface physical and chemical characteristics, a mechanism was concluded: Modified by microwave, functional groups begin to dissociate, alkalescency is enhanced, and surface oxygen content is reduced; the amount of active sites produced by dissociation of oxygen-containing groups increased, so did the pyrrole-N groups. Apparently, the activated energy of SO〓 adsorption decreased.

通过比较微波改性活性炭前后的吸附脱硫能力，结合它们的表面物理和化学性质的变化分析，确认微波改性活性炭的脱硫性能有显著提高，其作用机理在于微波处理后，活性炭表面微观形貌发生了较大的变化，化学基团发生分解，碱性特征增强，表面含氧量减少，以CO形式释出的含氧官能团分解后产生的活性部位和吡咯氮官能团数量增加，吸附SO〓的表观活化能降低。

It is concluded that, first, geochemical data of the surface soils can clearly distinguish two kind of soils, that is, juvenile soils, for example, purple soils, which inherits most geochemical characteristics of the parent rocks or materials, and anthropic soils, the geochemical characteristics of which have been greatly changed as the results of intensive impact from variety of agricultural uses. Second, different soils have typical indicator elements association respectively due to different parent rocks or materials and utilization, such as purple soils, yellow soils (low alkali and alkaline-earth metal contents and pH value), paddy soils (high organic element and heavy metal elements contents) and fluvo-aquic soils (high rock-forming accessory mineral elements contents) and so on. Consequently, it can be suggested that elements association is an important indicator for two key factors (parent materials and anthropic activities) of soil classification. Third, some differences exist between soil genesic classification and result of cluster analysis, because geochemical characteristics of surface soils can not completely represent the foundation applying to soil genesic classification, that is, condition and process of soil-forming, and soil property.

结果表明：浅层土壤的地球化学数据能较好地用来区分两类土壤，即紫色土一类的幼年土壤（在很大程度上继承了母岩、母质的地球化学特征）和受强烈人为活动水耕、早耕熟化的土壤（外来物质的不断加人显著地改变了浅层土壤原有的地球化学性质）；(2)各类土壤因母岩母质和利用方式不同，各具明显的标志性元素组合特征，如紫色土、黄壤（低碱和碱土金属元素和pH值）、水稻土（高有机元素、肥料元素和重金属元素）和潮土等，因此，这些元素组合是土壤分类两个要素的重要参照系；(3)浅层土壤的地球化学特征不可能完整地体现成土条件、成土过程和土壤属性这三个发生分类依据，因此，聚类分析结果与发生类型之间存在一定的差异。

The present invention provides a direct-type backlight having: a resin sealing member including at least one resin layer, which has a light reflecting section formed on the outermost surface of the resin sealing member; an optical semiconductor element sealed by the resin sealing member; and plural circular light scattering grooves formed concentrically on at least one surface of the resin layer, wherein an area of a circle in the center and an area among the respective concentric circles are substantially the same.

本发明提供了一种直下式背光，包括：树脂密封元件，其包含有至少一个树脂层，该树脂层具有形成在所述树脂密封元件最外表面上的光反射部分；由所述树脂密封元件密封的光学半导体元件；和以同心圆形式形成在所述树脂层至少一个表面上的多个圆形光散射凹槽，其中在中心的圆的面积与在各个同心圆之间的面积大致相等。

The distribution of temperature stress was calculated by finite element analysis. The results showed when the surface temperature of concrete was higher than 110℃, the temperature stress was more than 4 MPa without regard to the creep. This might be lead to the damage of the surface of concrete. At the same time, a lot of microstructure analysiss such as XRD, SEM, IR, HSA etc. were done to analysis the difference of the component and microstructre of concrete before and after corrosion. The results indicated that the decomposion of CSH gel and calcium hydroxide and the creation of dilatability calcium oxide were the internal reason of the deterioration of concrete in the corrosion form of high heat.

该文通过有限元方法计算了由于温度而产生的结构应力分布，计算结果表明当混凝土表面温度超过110℃时，如不考虑徐变时表层混凝土受到的温度应力将超过4MPa，这使得表层混凝土很容易因温度应力而破坏；同时通过X射线衍射分析、扫描电子显微分析和混凝土孔结构分析等多种微观结构测试手段，分析了混凝土受热前后的宏观性能以及微观组成和结构的变化，指出混凝土原水化产物如水化硅酸钙凝胶和氢氧化钙的分解以及膨胀性产物氧化钙的产生是高热腐蚀形式下混凝土破坏的内在原因。

First, we extend the general finite element method from the function surface to the parameter function. Second, we bring this kind of method into the design of rational Bézier minimal surface. Third, we transform the problem of Dirichlet energy function into the problem of minimizing a discrete objective function.

首先推广了函数曲面中的有限元方法，进而研究如何针对参数曲面使用有限元方法，并把该方法引入到有理Bézier极小曲面造型的设计中，从而将连续的Dirichlet能量函数极小化问题，转化为一个离散形式的目标函数的极小化问题。

Sodium citrate; calcium carbonate; calcium hydroxide; potassium bicorbonate; magnesium carbonate; ferrous sulphate; Zinc sulphate; copper sulphate; manganese sulphate; potassium iodide; sodium selenite.

柠檬酸钠；碳酸钙；氢氧化钙；碳酸氢钾；碳酸镁；硫酸亚铁；硫酸锌；硫酸铜；硫酸锰；碘化钾；亚硒酸钠。

All this to say that I'm glad filmmaking hasn't become completely ironic. I can enjoy an ironic film as much as the next person, but they usually involve a message of some sort. One that's delivered in a smirkingly clever way that requires little in the way of talent.

所有这些都是说，我很高兴电影制作没有变成完全讽刺艺术，我可以和下一个人一样享受讽刺电影的乐趣，虽然他们经常会被划归到一定级别，技术方面不需要很高的才能。