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The Frechet derivative of the cost function is determined via the solution of an adjoint partial differential equation, and the boundary shape is then modified in a direction of descent. This process is repeated until an optimum solution is approached. The advantage is that the cost function variation is independent of the flow field variation, with the result that the gradient of cost function with respect to arbitrary number of design variables can be determined without the need for additional flow-field evaluations. So each design cycle requires the numerical solution of both the flow and the adjoint equations leading to a computational cost roughly equal to the cost of two flow solutions.

虽然他们的研究成果大多数都可以在公开性文献上看到，但是其中一些具体的细节问题的处理方法却没有透露，比如：伴随方程如何离散求解才能减小最终梯度计算中的误差，使得设计过程有效地进行；伴随方程与流动方程的边界条件是不同的，如何合理地处理伴随方程的边界条件，才能推动设计过程朝着设计目标而发展；在减阻问题中目标函数如何定义，求解梯度的具体数学公式如何推导，如何通过数值方法来实现它们等。

In additional, the ADL that we have introduced in the dissertation can be applied in all of component-base distributed system.

另外，我们提出的简单ADL也适用于所有基于部件的分布式系统中。

When the following two states appear, the Related Party Transaction will become the one of the main means of earnings management, and be positive relation to earnings management: to provide to drawing on 'ST' or to pick off 'ST' when the yield of net capital of listed firms is between 0 and 1%; or to issue additional new stocks or admeasure stocks when its yield of net capital is more than 10%.

上市公司的净资产收益率为01%时，公司为了扭亏；以及当净资产收益率为大于10%时，公司为了增发新股或者配股的需要，关联交易成为违规盈余管理的主要手段之一，这两种情况下的关联交易与盈余管理正相关。

This means additional reductions with or without design and development no longer is admissible.

这意味着不再受理进一步的是否含设计开发的减免。

Our study is also one of the few to examine the possibility that the weather one or two days before the asthma exacerbation may be as important as that on the day of admission, as the additional visits occur one to two days after the fluctuation.

我们的研究也是少数检视气候的研究之一，探讨在气喘恶化前每天或每两天与住院当天气候改变之影响程度、以及气候变化之后一、两天造成急诊的情况。

Admonitor itself doesn't differ much from other Star Destroyers featured in the game apart from a blueish color theme and a few additional abilities.

训诫者号本身同游戏中其他的歼星舰特征相仿，除了具有蓝色涂装和少量的附加能力。

Young people want to have that additional bit of expertise, that could push them into a world of riches and adoration.

希望有更多的年轻人一点知识，这可把他们推向世界的财富和喜爱。

Youngsters want to have that additional piece of talent, that could catapult them into a world of wealth and adoration.

希望有更多的青少年一块人才，他们可能成为世界财富的积累和喜爱。

Agricultural and food price indices adumbrate a slight deceleration in consumer price inflation; besides, impounding an additional $50-60bn in the banks does little to curb spiralling prices when loan growth is steaming along at 14-15 per cent year-on-year.

农产品和粮食价格指数预示消费者价格通胀增速略有放缓；此外，在信贷以14%至15%的同比增幅疾速扩大的情况下，额外冻结500亿至600亿美元的银行资金，对抑制价格螺旋形上涨作用不大。

It is understood that the world's second largest sports retailer and manufacturer France Decathlon has decided from 2005 to 2008 period, will be centered in southern China, to focus on the expansion of Beijing-based North China, 2005 18 in Beijing 4-1000 m2, ranging from the concept of shop, shop standards, and in North China to establish a huge commercial network, taking into account regional advance to the West; Carrefour in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen central cities in the open 12 new stores, while plans to open 100 new stores and additional Concordia 10-15 Champion supermarket fresh.

据了解，世界第二大体育零售商和制造商法国迪卡侬已决定二零零五年至08年期间，将集中在南部的中国，将重点放在扩大总部位于北京的北中国， 2005年18在北京4-1000平方米，从概念店，店标准，并在北中国建立一个庞大的商业网络，同时考虑到区域事先向西方；家乐福在北京，上海，广州和深圳的中心城市开设12个新的商店，同时计划开放100个新的商店和额外康科迪亚10月15日冠军超市新鲜。

Aquatic or marsh-growing fern allies; known to have existed since the Cenozoic; sometimes included in Lycopodiales.

生活于水中或湿地的蕨类；从新生代生存至今；有时归于石松目之中。

The engine was uprated from a 90hp Franklin to a 125hp Lycoming.

改良过的引擎是从90hp到125hp莱康明富兰克林。