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These include fluid within the tendon sheath, fluid withinthe medial or lateral bursae, sinus tarsi syndrome, periostitisat the insertion of the flexor retinaculum on the tibia, hindfootvalgus, subtalar and talonavicular malalignment, and accessorynavicular bone.
这些包括腱鞘内、内外侧滑膜内水分滞留，跗骨窦综合症、屈肌支持带的胫骨侧附着处骨膜炎、后足外翻、距下关节和距舟关节排列不整及副舟骨。
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In addition to the approaches described, short medial, lateral, and dorsal approaches may be made to expose small areas of the tarsal and metatarsal joints. In all, the vessels, nerves, and tendons must be protected.
除了上述介绍的手术入路外，还可采用内侧、外侧或背侧短切口入路显露跗骨间和跖跗关节的较小区域，无论何种切口，都要注意保护血管、神经及肌腱。
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In addition to the approaches described, short medial, lateral, and dorsal approaches may be made to expose small areas of the tarsal and metatarsal joints. In all, the essels, neres, and tendons must be protected.
除了上述介绍的手术入路外，还可采用内侧、外侧或背侧短切口入路显露跗骨间和跖跗关节的较小区域，无论何种切口，都要注意保护血管、神经及肌腱。
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Hock joints have no tendency to turn in or out when standing or gaiting.
无论站立或是运动，跗关节无向内或向外的趋势。
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Method］from january 2003 to may 2006,32 patients were corrected with qin si-he's orthotics devices on the ilizarov principle of tension-stress,which involved 15 males and 17 females,the age ranged from 10 to 25 years.among these patients,2 were caused by peroneal nerve injury,l by tumor in the vertebral canal,5 by meningocele,11 were caused by poliomyelitis,13 by congenital talipes equino-varus.in accordance with deformities,external fixator and limitied operative methods were dertermined.the limited release of soft tissue were performed in 7 patients,limited osteotomy in 25 patients.the dynamic muscle balance operation were performed in 9 patients with imbalance of muscle strength.according to the ilizarov technique,the fixative rods were installed.the telescopic rods on the apparatus were rotated one week after the operation,the divices had corrective function in three-dimensional directions.the deformity of talipes equinovarus,internal rotation and drooping of the forefoot were gradually corrected,and the patients could bear weight and walked on the deformed foot.the mean duration of traction were 42 days,then removed the external fixator maintained with plaster for a site time.
方法］2003年1月～2006年5月，根据ilizarov张力应力法则，应用秦泗河改良的外固定矫形器，遵循ilizarov穿针固定的基本原则，共手术治疗马蹄内翻足32例，男15例，女17例；年龄10～25岁，平均17岁。病因：腓总神经损伤2例，腰椎管内肿瘤1例，硬脊膜膨出5例，小儿麻痹后遗症11例，先天性马蹄内翻足13例。术前用足掌的前外缘负重行走者11例，用足的外缘或足背外侧负重者21例。根据马蹄内翻足畸形程度、性质和患者年龄，确定实施有限矫形手术的方法和外固定矫形器治疗。本组7例同期实施有限的软组织松解术，25例同期实施了有限的截骨术和跗骨间关节融合术，9例合并踝关节内外翻肌力明显失衡者，同期行足部肌腱转移的肌力平衡术。然后安装外固定矫形器。术后按作者制定的管理程序，7 d开始旋转相应的螺纹牵拉杆，对器械进行三维空间的缓慢调整，先矫正前足内收和后足内翻，后矫正足下垂畸形，直至达到矫形要求的标准。在矫形的过程中定期进行x线检测，以防止发生踝关节前后移位，治疗期间允许患足负重行走。术后平均牵伸42 d，拆外固定器后患足再上石膏固定适当时间。
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Flexor pollicis longus muscle tendon was about (0.44±2.42)mm lateral to the center of metatarsophalangeal joint. For cases of HV, extensor hallucis longus was about (9.32±3.46)mm lateral to tibialis anterior muscle at ankle transverse striation,(3.00±2.22)mm lateral to the center of tarsometatarsal joint.
在外翻的患者中，长伸肌腱在踝横纹处位于胫骨前肌外侧(9.32±3.46)mm，在跗跖关节中点外侧(3.00±2.22)mm，跖趾关节中点外侧(4.22±2.26)mm，止点位于末节趾骨基底中点(2.02±2.32)mm范围内，长屈肌腱在跖趾关节中点外侧(3.24±2.32)mm。
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pronotal comb：前胸栉
有的种类前胸背板后缘具有粗壮的梳状扁刺,称前胸栉(pronotal comb). 无翅,足3对长而发达,尤以基节特别宽大,跗节分为5节,末节具有爪1对. 3.腹部 由10节组成,前7节称正常腹节,每节背板两侧各有气门1对. 雄蚤8、9 腹节、雌蚤7~9腹节变形为外生殖器,