research and development

research and development的基本解释

n.

(产品等的)研究与开发

与research and development相关的网络例句 [注：此内容来源于网络，仅供参考]

This study analysised the condition of Xinjiang's petroleum resource and made an evaluation and it points out that the development of petroleum and natural gas of Xinjiang is still in the developing period in which it aims at discovering the petrol field and increasing its reserves.Although it has a great exploring potential,because of its geograghy limitation and a lack of exploring funds,the exploring level is till low,even lower than the everage level of the whole country. The study is based on theories of industry distributions,its concentration,macroscopic analysis,government regulations and continuing development.From microcosmic and macroscopic aspects,it scientifically and systematically analyses the problems in the development of petroleum industry in Xinjiang.It points that the developments of middle and upper reaches lack a balance and have no rational industry structures.So it is hard to form an integral industry chains.Moreover,the upper reach covers a too much large proportion in the development,so it can not give a strong impetus to other industries.Based it,the paper points the industrial concentration of Petroleum Chemical Products Manufacture of Xinjiang should be enhanced and Input to Petroleum Chemical Products Manufacture of Xinjiang should be increased.Due to a lack of an established fair and competitive market and government's perfect laws and regulations on petroleum industry,it points that the phenomenon of mixed operation has become common in monolopied business and competitive business,so the systems of petroleum industry needs to be restructured.It states clearly that the country should take the development and benefits of Xinjiang's economy into consideration when making strategies for petroleum development .Besides,the allocation of profits between the center and the local should be well arranged so that we can guarantee the profits of Xinjiang ,considered as a resource area.It also reveals that we should not only overcome limitations of resources,environment,economy and technology on continuring development,but also we should deal with some realistic problems well.For instance,contradictions between the concept of limited resource and continuing development,the relationship between petroleum industry's own features and continuing development,the contradictions between the limits on supply of petroleum and the need of future development of continuing resource ,outdated petroleum technology and the need of advanced technology for continuing development,tremendous damages to environment and requirements of environment protection for continuing development and Xinjiang continuing economic development,outdated policy of industry and continuing development,the relationship between continuing development of Xinjiang petroleum industry and continuing economic development of Xinjiang.

本研究以产业布局理论、产业集中度理论、灰关联分析理论、政府规制理论、可持续发展理论为依据，从微观、宏观两个层面，科学、系统、全面地分析新疆石油产业的发展问题，指出：新疆石油天然气目前仍处于油气田发现和增储的主要发展阶段，开发潜力巨大，但由于地质原因及勘探投入的不足，石油天然气探明程度偏低，低于全国平均水平；新疆石油产业产业结构布局不合理、上中下游发展不平衡，难以形成完整的产业链条，对工业的带动力与其本身具有的经济总量很不匹配；新疆石油开采业和石油加工业属于高度寡头垄断的市场类型，新疆石油化工业属于竞争型的市场结构，要想石油产业对新疆经济有较强的带动作用，新疆石油化工业必须上升到一定的层次和规模，在提高规模的基础上，提高新疆化工业的产业集中度；新疆石油加工业和化工业与农业呈现较高的关联度，加大对石油加工业和化工业的投入，对新疆经济的协调发展有着深远的影响；政府要从石油产业本质特征和发展趋势为着眼点，实施规制改革，分开政府规制政策的制定部门和监管部门职能，建立健全石油产业法律法规体系，对垄断性业务和竞争性业务实施分类规制；国家石油发展战略的制定应兼顾新疆区域经济的发展和利益，应切实处理好新疆与中央的利益分配，切实保证新疆作为资源产区合理的资源收益；新疆石油产业要想得以可持续发展，不仅要克服影响可持续发展的资源、环境、经济和技术等客观因素，还要处理好观念、需求、政策等诸多主观因素。

In this dissertation, the studies on teacher professional development in western countries were schematized and a concise description of research history was given, which would be the basis for understanding the research background and assimilating the existing research results. A new teacher development phase dividing criterion, professional self-development consciousness, was suggested and a new analyzing framework, i. e. self-renewal approach to professional development, was raised. These formulations would make for better understanding of the teacher's active role in professional development, strengthen teacher's professional self-development consciousness and advance the development. At present, great efforts is being made to increase the teachers' qualities. The self-renewal approach, as a new professional development conception, would demonstrate its significance in practice.

本文对国外教师专业发展的研究作了系统梳理，比较清晰地描述了研究轨迹，为进一步了解有关研究背景、吸收借鉴国外研究结果奠定了一定基础：提出了教师专业发展阶段划分的新标准——自我专业发展意识和教师专业发展新的分析框架——&自我更新&取向教师专业发展，这将有助于深化理解教师本人在教师专业发展的积极作用，并强化教师的自我专业发展意识，促进教师专业发展；在我国目前正大力提高教师素质的今天，&自我更新&取向教师专业发展作为一种新的专业发展理念，也有着重要的现实意义。

The first part is the introduction, which generally introduces the research purpose and significance of this thesis, the summary of the financial pre-warning researches both home and abroad, and the research main contexts and research methods; The second part is the comparison on the financial pre-warning methods existent, which compares the different methods by categories, makes a further analysis on the limits of existent methods, and proposes the improve thoughts of this research based on that; The third part is the basic theory, which makes a summary of the referent theories exerted on the research, and exposit the comparing mechanism of the grey prediction theory and the artificial neural network method concise; The fourth part is the frame work of the model, which illuminates the research designs step by step, such as the definition of the financial crisis, the method of sample select, the select and definition of the pre-warning variables, and makes an exposition of the establishment procedures of the whole models at last; The fifth part is the financial pre-warning based on the theory of grey prediction and artificial neural network, which mainly demonstrate the model establishment in the concrete, dividing into four part to carry out the part of pragmatic research integrally, building of indexes system, establishment of BP neural networks, dynamic financial pre-warning and test, analysis on the pre-warning result; The sixth part is conclusion, which sums up the main results of the whole research, clarifies the innovative points, and makes a discussion on the limits and future study directions of the research in this thesis.

其中，第一部分为导论，总括性概述本文的研究目的与意义，国内外研究综述，以及本文的研究内容和方法；第二部分为现有财务预警研究方法剖析，通过对现有预警方法进行分类比较，进一步分析现有预警方法的局限性，并在此基础上提出本文研究的改进思路；第三部分基本理论，对本文研究中运用的相关理论进行扼要概述，并简要阐述灰色预测理论与人工神经方法的融合机理；第四部分为模型研究框架，逐步阐释模型对财务困境的界定，样本数据的选取方法，预警变量的选取与定义等各个部分的研究设计，并对整体模型的构建步骤进行简要阐述；第五部分为基于灰色神经网络模型的财务预警，主要论述动态预警模型的具体实现过程，分模型指标体系的建立，BP神经网络的建立，动态财务预警与检验，以及预警结果分析四个部分全面阐述本文实证分析过程；第六部分为结论，总结本文研究得到的主要研究结论，以及本文研究中的创新之处，并对论文的不足与后续发展研究进行探讨。

与research and development相关的网络解释 [注：此内容来源于网络，仅供参考]

federal executive council：联盟执行委员会

Federal Energy Research and Development Administration;联邦能源研究和发展署... | Federal Executive Council;联盟执行委员会;; | Federal Financed Research and Development Centre;联邦资助的研究和发展中心;FF...

archival research：档案研究

但狭义的实证会计研究 (survey research)多指档案研究 (archival research),主要涉及关于财务会计的研究,也有一些关于审计的研究. 另一个相关的概念(positive accounting research)只是档案研究 (archival research)的一个分支,研究范围比实证会计

ethnographic research：民族志研究

2、民族志研究(Ethnographic Research)的特点3、民族志研究(Ethnographic Research)在市场研究中的应用4、民族志研究(Ethnographic Research)的实施流程基于上述的研究目的,我们选择了民族志方法(Ethnographic Research)进行研究,