风险分担

The research results suggest that:(1)the factors influence the control of IOR including economic,social and technological factors;(2)the application of interorganizational systems should focus on both technological and non-technological factors;(3)the stronger dependency between organizations, the more effective of the IOS reducing the coordination costs;(4)usually the investment of firms in interorganizational relationship is reciprocal;(5)the appicaton of IT changes the dependency between organizations, which should modify the coordination mechanism, resulting in the change of IOR;(6)the coordination cost affects the effectiveness of coordination among firms;(7) maintaining the interorganizational relationship influences the firms'' network life cycle and matureness;(8)both coordination cost and network size of firms affect sharing mechanisn of the costs and benefits for creating and maintaining interoganizational relationship;(9) the influence of coordination costs to the allocation of super profits deriving from interorganizational relationship is depent on the network topology;(10) the core firm in a network prefer the symmetric network.

我们的研究成果表明：（1）影响管理与控制IOR治理结构的因素有经济因素、社会学因素以及技术因素；（2）在应用组织际信息系统时，要同时关注技术和非技术的影响因素；（3）当组织之间存在较强的依赖关系时，组织际信息系统的应用能够有效减少组织之间的协调成本；当组织之间的依赖关系较弱时，组织际信息系统的应用会加深组织之间被对方侵占的风险，无法显著地减少组织际协调成本；（4）在通常情况下，参与组织际关系的成员的投资是互补的；（5）IT的应用会改变组织间的相互依赖性，组织应调整协调机制，而协调机制的变化会改变IOR；（6）协调成本的大小对协调有效性有着很大影响；（7）组织际关系的维护影响组织网络的生命周期和成熟度；（8）影响组织际关系建立和维护的成本分担和利益共享方案的因素不仅仅跟协调成本有关，而且还与网络规模有关；（9）在对称网络拓扑结构与非对称网络拓扑结构下，协调成本对超额回报分配的影响是不同的；（10）核心企业倾向于选择非对称的网络结构。

We have been more specific in the allocation of risks to the party concerned than is to be found in the current documents (which essentially define the Employer's Risks, and then assume that all other risks lie with the Contractor).

我们在文件草案中明确分配风险给相关的当事方（明确详细界定了业主的风险，其它的风险假定由承包商分担）。

Buildings are the focuses of people's life, the destroy of those will have great influence on people's life. However, if the government interferes in reconstruction deeply, it will transfer the taxation of non-disaster area to disaster area, and so does the relationship between those who don't bear risks and those who bear risks. The result is unfair, so the effective way to protect people's property is to use insurance to bear risks. Although Taiwan has had earthquake insurance since 1972, the number of people who got amende wasn't large. Taiwan repaired the earthquake insurance of buildings, but the price of it was regular, which was unfair. The lack of accurate legitimacy and clearness reveals from this process.

由於住宅是国民生活重心，若是遭受损毁将会对人民生活带来影响，然而政府若是过度介入补救工程，会使国家税收由非灾区转移到灾区、非风险承担者转移到风险承担者身上，造成其间的不公平发展，因此有效保障国民财产安全方法便是采用保险制度来分担风险，虽然我国早在民国61年起便已开办地震保险，但根据资料指出在集集地震灾害中受保障的民众仍不多，民国八十七年前投保地震保险户数实际仅占约国内户数的0.2％，我国在集集地震后重新制订住宅地震保险制度，其保险费用采用单一保费，有违背保险之公平原则，由此可以看出新制地震险在建筑物损害率方面缺乏明确的合理化且透明化的过程。

Built industry of new and high technology to develop the three-dimensional system model that apoplectic danger is on guard, the angle that partakes from enterprise, society and government is reduced integratedly and dissolve a venture, promote the rapid development of industry of new and high technology.

建立了高新技术产业发展中风险防范的三维体系模型，从企业、社会和政府分担的角度综合降低和化解风险，促进高新技术产业的快速发展。

Coinsurance: Insurance where a number of insurers share the risk or where insured and insurer share the risk.

联合保险：由若干承保人分担风险，或受保险人和承保人分担风险的保险方式。

Coinsurance: Insurance where a number of insurer s share the risk or where insured and insurer share the risk.

联合保险：由若干承保人分担风险，或受保险人和承保人分担风险的保险方式。

In this suppositional world we could obviate the risk connected with unemployment and the fall of the residential price, and the finance system could work in a way of sharing the social risk efficiently in it.

在这个假想的世界中，我们能够回避与失业或房屋市价下跌相关的风险，其中金融系统能够以有效分担社会风险的方式运作。

This thesis dedicated to research the investment control of BT project, researched the risk in the program construction, the compose portion and the factors effecting the investment. The research includes the conception and the character of the BT project; the actualize process and the questions should be pay attention to; the conditions of BT contract and the sector of the compose poison of the contract price. In this part researched the conception of the BT purchase price and concluded that the relation between the purchase price and the investment. Then studied the risk factors that effect the investment according to the character of the project and then brought forward several advices of the contract item about how to share the risk. Studied compose sector and it's calculatingly methods of the construction cost which is the main part of the investment, then studied how to control the cost during the construct process and analyzed project variations as well as how control that. In the end, researched the capital cost of BT program, the main content include the concept of the capital cost, the calculatingly methods using the engineering economic method, the method writer suggest in the thesis according to the project practice, how to control the capital cost, mainly through setting up an account and inspecting it, and regulating the program financing rate in reason.

本论文的研究重点即BT项目的投资控制，围绕该问题，本论文的主要研究内容有，从BT模式和BT项目的基本分析开始，研究了BT模式的基本概念、BT项目的运作过程、基本特征；研究了BT项目的合同条件和合同价款，该部分分析了BT项目的合同结构、BT项目的承发包工作范围、BT项目的回购价款组成和确定；根据项目建设特征分析了影响BT项目投资的风险因素，并且提出了在对风险进行分配和分担类合同条款制定时建议；建设工程费用是构成BT投资的主体费用，本文对其各组成部分的基本构成、计算方式进行了分析，研究了实施过程中管理控制和工程变更及变更控制的问题；文章的最后对构成BT项目投资的资金成本进行了探讨，分析了资金成本的概念和形成，运用工程经济学的基本理论分析了资金成本各部分的基本计算方式，依据现有的工程实践情况提出了本文建议的计算方式，最后分析了如何对资金成本进行控制――主要通过设立资金账户对其进行监管以及对项目融资的利率进行合理规定。

Based on the analysis of the problems which the Inventory Management of foreign and abroad faced, and considered the theory of Supply Chain, we can analysis the threatens and the reasons bringing by the information requiring of mutating and expanding phenomena -"Bull-whip Effect" in the Inventory Management of chain environment, and can further bring about the policy to solve it. We studied the three new policies for Supply Chain Inventory Management, and VMI realizes the cooperative management between the superior and subordinate knot of supply chain in the enterprise; Multi-grade Management realizes the optimization of the supply chain inventory management from full view; but JMI is the inventory management form of risk sharing, its stress the jointed within the supply and demand at the same time and constitute the inventory plan, to promote every managers (vender, manufacturers, distributors) of the SCM are thinking the harmonious with them, to keeping the accordant anticipate for the inventory manager"s inquest between two conjoint enterprises.In view of VMI stratagem"s fine pragmatism and operation, on the base of understanding VMI, combine the conceivable four assorted relationship in the real supply chain between the conjoint enterprises.

论文在分析国内、国外库存管理所面临的问题的基础上，结合供应链一体化理论，对供应链环境下库存管理中出现的需求信息变异放大现象--即&长鞭效应&的危害及其产生原因进行了分析，在此基础上进一步提出了解决&长鞭效应&的措施；重点研究了实现供应链库存管理的三种新策略，其中，供应商管理库存实现了供应链上级与下级节点企业之间的协作管理；多级库存管理是从全局的角度实现了供应链库存管理的优化；联合库存管理是一种风险分担的库存管理模式，它强调供需双方的同时参与，共同制定库存计划，使供应链中的每个库存管理者(供应商、制造商、分销商)都从相互之间的协调性考虑，使得供应链相邻两节点企业之间的库存管理者对需求的预期保持一致基于VMI策略的良好的实用性和可操作性，在理解VMI概念的基础上，结合实际供应链中节点企业间可能出现的四种组合关系，相应地提出四种概念性架构，用以表达：VMI系统的内部结构；VMI系统与节点企业内部管理系统的接口关系及两类系统的关系；VMI系统与节点企业间的信息共享与转换，如库存信息在供需之间的传递、加工等具体过程。

The aim of the social security is to weave a"social security net"that everyoneanswers for and benefits from.Thus,the social security would change to a systemhelped-by-society that one answer for oneself from the system existed today that thegovernment reallocates forcibly.

笔者认为社会保障的本质应是自保公助、风险分担制度，其目标是织成大家受益、大家负责的社会安全网，从以政府为主体进行全社会强制性收入再分配转为帮助人们建立一种自己为自己负责的制度。2。

Chrysanthemum of 10 thousand birthday is lax to edaphic requirement, with the arenaceous qualitative loam with fecund, good drainage had better.

万寿菊对土壤要求不严，以肥沃。排水良好的砂质壤土为好。

He unstepped the mast and furled the sail and tied it.

他拔下桅杆，把帆卷起，系住。