零差

By getting Lebesgue characteristic of integrable function of Riemann from the definition of Gather zero measure, discussing the relation between almost continuous everywhere and existent of limit, it gets the theory which is from the function integrability to the consecution and from consecution to the limit existence .i.e. the almost limit existence is equal to the almost continuous everywhere in the integrable function of Riemann. It also gets a unified condition which has a wider range than regulated function and comes to the conclusion that the function of bounded variation is the integrable function of Riemann.

通过定义零测度集给出了可积函数的特征，讨论了其几乎处处连续与极限存在的关系，从而得到了从函数可积性到连续性，从连续性到极限存在性的函数特性理论，即可积函数中极限的几乎处处存在与几乎处处连续是等价的，得出比正规函数更加宽泛的统一条件，得出了有界变差函数是可积函数的结论。

With the concept, the fractional lower array power is formulated and it is theoretically proved that the power is finite and reasonable for beamforming, provided thatthe fractional order does not exceed the half of the noise characteristic exponent.

根据分数低阶统计量和零阶统计量，这部分提出强冲击噪声环境下表现出稳健的波束形成性能的三种新的波束形成算法：分数低阶最小方差无畸变响应波束形成算法、线性约束最小几何功率波束形成算法和最小几何误差波束形成算法。

By getting Lebesgue characteristic of integrable function of Riemann from the definition of gather zero measure, it discusses the relation between almost continuous everywhere and existent of limit, and gets that the almost continuous everywhere is equal to the almost limit existence everywhere in the integrable function of Riemann.

通过定义零测度集给出了可积函数的特征，讨论了其几乎处处连续与极限存在的关系，即可积函数中几乎处处连续与极限的几乎处处存在是等价的，得出了比正规函数更加广泛的统一条件，得出了有界变差函数是可积函数的结论。

This approach applies a zero input differential voltage and overcomes the interactions between V OL and V OS —making it easy to use on the production line.

这种方法适用于一零输入差分电压和克服这是由V和V 操作系统职等的相互作用，从而易于使用的生产线。

Thus to summarize, one cannot "directly" use an output voltage measurement with zero input differential voltage to calibrate the input V OS .

因此，要总结，不能"直接"使用零输入差分电压的输出电压测量校准输入的 V OS。

Finally, accurate measurements close to a zero input differential voltage are still not achieved because V OL limitations will cause errors at small sense voltages.

最后，精确的测量接近零输入差分电压仍然没有实现因为V 职等限制，将导致在检测电压误差小。

This effectively translates the output voltage measurements by 1.5V, so a zero input differential voltage will output 1.5V ±V OS -induced errors.

这有效地转换了1.5V的输出电压测量，所以零输入差分电压输出1.5V的±的 V OS引起的误差。

The influences of the shock thickness and Alfven waves on the particle acceleration by diffusive shock waves are numerically studied through solving one-dimensional diffusive equation including the second-order Fermi effect. It is shown that the spectral index of the energetic particles strongly depends on the shock thickness. For example, the spectral index increases from 2.1 to 3.7 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 2.5 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV as the thickness increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.3 to 3.1 as the particle injection energy increases. The spectral index decreases from 4.0 to 1.8 at the quasi-steady stage with the enhancement of the compression ratio from 2 to 4. The results indicate that under the influence of Alfven waves, the energetic particle spectrum at lower energy becomes flat and the spectral index decreases from 2.5 to 0.6 in the low energy range of 3-10 MeV and from 11.6 to 5.0 in the high energy range of 20-60 MeV. At the same time, the rollover energy reaches 19.6 MeV. The spectral index decreases from 5.8 to 2.9 as the energy density of Alfven waves increase. All these results are basically consistent with the theoretical models, as well as the observations of typical energetic particle events.

通过数值求解包含二阶费米加速的一维扩散方程，探讨在准平行激波条件下激波厚度和级联阿尔芬波对粒子加速的影响，研究粒子分布函数的演化与激波厚度和阿尔芬波强度的内禀关系，计算结果表明：(1)考虑激波厚度时，谱指数明显依赖于激波厚度，随着厚度从0.32增大到2.56，低能端(3-10MeV)谱指数逐渐从2.1增加到3.7，高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从2.4增大到5.0，能谱逐渐变软；当初始注入粒子动量增大1.3倍，质子能谱指数从4.3减小到3.1，且与零厚度激波加速的谱指数差值缩小；厚度不变时，随着压缩比从2增加到4，准稳态分布时低能端(3-10MeV)粒子能谱指数逐渐从4.0减小到1.8谱变硬；(2)在级联阿尔芬波的影响下，随着时间的增大，粒子在低能处(3-10MeV)的谱指数从2.5减小到0.6高能端(20-60MeV)谱指数从11.6减小到5.0，能谱变硬，拐点能量值从7.5MeV增大到为19.6MeV；随着波的能量密度增大，谱指数从5.8减小到2.9，这表明阿尔芬波强度越大，加速效率越高，通过与激波厚度解析结果和高能粒子事件的观测能谱比较发现两者是一致的，说明数值模拟结果是可靠的。

using the returns variance minimum of hedging as objective function,using positive profit skenewss as constraint of serious loss'probability,the constraints of hedger serious loss optimal model is set up.

摘 要：以套期保值收益率的最小方差为目标函数，以收益率偏度大于等于零控制套保者遭受重大损失发生的概率，建立了基于重大损失控制的套期保值优化模型。

The free componenet and the zero- input component have the same general form, both are the solution of a homogeneous equation.

在求全解时，自由分量和零输入分量都是差分方程式的齐次解，二者具有相同形式，但其物理意义却不同。

Since historical times,England ,where the early inhabitants were Celts, has been conquered three times .

从有历史以来，英国，在此地早期居住的是凯尔特人，已经被征服了三次。

Bluetooth OBEX File Transfer Enables the sending and receiving of files on your phone via Bluetooth.

蓝牙OBEX文件移动允许经过蓝牙传送和接受文件。。。。