限制主义

The existence of outer power stayed in Arab world destroys union of geography, society, economy, culture and spirits of Arab world, separates the connection of different regions, obstacles development of Arab unity movement which is thought to be outer factors. However, deeper reasons should be found in inner world. Inner reasons include that political structure of Arab world and deeply dispute weakens the base of Pan-Arabism movement. In local region, the thoughts of Religious Minorities and Sectarianism deny and destroy Arab nationalism movement and its premise-the sincerity of country. Some non-Arab nations pursuit the unity of theirs own not the whole Arab nations. Regional Nationalism and Islamism obstacle the development of Pan-Arab unity movement Weak sovereignty of Arab countries and diverse political rules weaken the political base of movement of Pan-Arab unity. Unbalance of economy, culture and base of society between different regions also lag the unified movement.

内因包括：阿拉伯世界的政治结构和王朝间的利益纷争削弱了泛阿拉伯统一运动的群众基础和民族基础；在局部地区，宗教少数派及其宗派主义思想不断地否定和破坏阿拉伯民族主义运动及其前提——对祖国的忠诚；阿拉伯世界中一些非阿拉伯民族的独立诉求挑战地区的统一；地区民族主义和伊斯兰主义阻碍了泛阿拉伯统一运动的开展；孱弱的国家主权限制了阿拉伯国家在民族事务上的能动性，而多样的政治体制则削弱了泛阿拉伯统一的政治建构基础；阿拉伯各地区或国家间经济、文化和社会发展的不平衡以及整体上的滞后削弱了泛阿拉伯统一运动的经济、文化和社会基础，等等。

Traditional views of international law maintain the essentially bilateralist view set forth in the late Eighteenth Century by de Vattel's Le Droit des Gens ou Principes de la Loi Naturelle: states, as sovereigns, are bound and limited in their actions only by those rules to which they themselves have agreed to be bound and limited (explicitly in the case of treaties, explicitly or implicitly with regard to customary law).

国际法的传统观点仍停留在十八世纪末瓦特尔在 Le Droit des Gens ou Principes de la Loi Naturelle 中所提出的本质上为双边主义的观点，即主权国家的行动只会受那些它们已然同意的规则的束缚与限制（明确的形式是条约，至于习惯法则有明确或不明确之分）。

In economy, the Old Empire rigidly controlled overseas trade of the colonies, and passed the Navigation Act. This system had been reasonable, but it could not be accommodated to the problem after the Seven Years War. The contradiction between America and Great Britain led to the collapse of the Old Empire.

旧帝国的特征体现在经济方面则是英国对殖民地的对外贸易进行严格限制，英国通过《航海条例》控制了殖民地的生产和贸易，这个体制曾经具有其时代合理性，但是&七年战争&之后，英帝国的形势发生了很大的变化，重商主义殖民政策已经无法解决帝国所面临的难题，英国同美洲殖民地的矛盾越来越大，最终导致了旧帝国的崩溃。

In my opinion, actually Christians and any other Pietists restrict themselves by God's name, and perfect themselves.

在我看来，其实和任何其他基督徒的虔诚主义限制自己是上帝的名字，和完善自己。

To avoid the transfer of pollution due to nimbyism and other factors, some countries rule that waste must be disposed of locally, or that waste from elsewhere cannot be imported.

为避免邻避主义等因素引发的污染转移，一些国家和地区严格规定，本地垃圾需要在本地处理，一些国家和地区则限制本地接收处理外地垃圾。

America has rediscovered multilateralism, not least to keep a united front in imposing limited sanctions on Iran.

美国重新发现了多边主义，不仅仅是在有限制地制裁伊朗的问题上维持步调统一。

In this chapter,on the base of discussingcomprehensively the three subjects of the Adversary Principle,andcombining with the practice of the reform of the civil trial style,thewriter holds that the non-binding Adversary Principle that is beingpracticed for the time being in our country is not the Adversary Principleof its essence,and it should be changed to be the binding standard to boththe court and the parties.On this,the writer have given the followingdefinite suggestions:First,the parties' claim acts should be controlledunder the law,and cannot be exercised for the objectives of delaying theproceedings or raising the action cost,otherwise will suffer losing hisright,or will be punished economically;Second,in order to reflectthe fairness of the action,and prevent the delay of the process,in thecivil procedure field of our country the timely evidence producism shouldbe carried out and implemented,and the evidence-production deadlinesystem should also be set up.Furthermore,to the parties that produceevidence out of time,hewill be deprived of attack and defense,orwill be given certain economic sanctions; Third,scientific admissionsystem should be set up,and to the admission withdrawal or statementscontradictory to the admission,should give legal restrictions orprohibitions.

本章中，作者在全面论述辩论原则三大命题的基础上，结合我国民事审判方式改革的实践，认为我国目前推行的非约束性辩论原则并非本质意义上的辩论原则，应将其转变为对法院和当事人的约束性规范原则，并在此基础上提出了如下具体建议：第一，当事人主张行为应受法律控制，不得以拖延诉讼、增加诉讼成本等为目的予以实施，否则将遭受失权效或经济上的诉讼制裁；第二，为体现诉讼公平，防止诉讼迟延，在我国民事诉讼领域应当推行和贯彻证据的适时提出主义，设置具有法律后果的举证时效制度，并对当事人违反举证时效制度的提供证据行为采取或取消其攻击防御方法，或课以其一定经济性制裁的惩罚措施；第三，设定科学的自认制度，对撤销自认或与自认相抵触的陈述应给予法律上的限制或禁止。

Further more, the simplified analysis method on stressed-skin effect of corrugated steel sheet is also discussed in detail.

此外还比较详细地探讨了蒙皮效应的简化分析方法。

If I had known her telephone number,I would have called her.

要是我知道她的电话号码，我就打电话给她了。