阴极

Experimental results showed that it is feasible to use MHCD as the electron sources for the glow discharge, and the discharge characteristics of the micro hollow cathode sustained glow discharge predicted from the model are in agreement with the experiment results.

实验表明以MHCD作为辉光放电电子源是可行的，并且微空心阴极放电自持的辉光放电特性的实验结果和理论模拟是一致的。

Different from cold cathode glow discharge, the avalanche process is not only determined by electron collision induced ionization, the deionization process also plays a decisive role due to the high electron and ion density under high gas pressure and large discharge current.

与常规辉光放电不同的是，阴极区中的巨浪增益不仅仅是由电子碰撞电离过程决定的，而且由于高压强、大电流条件下电子和离子的浓度高，电子空间复合过程也起着决定性作用。

The effects of the major and minor factors on the current efficiencies of the main products: 2,5-dimethyoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran, at the anode and butyl alcohol at the cathode, respectively, varied.

影响阳极主要产物2，5- dimethyoxy- 2，5-dihydrofuran，及阴极主要产物丁醇之电流密度的主要及次要原因是不同的。

This paper introduces the studies of the ultra-short Thomson scattering X-ray source at the accelerator laboratory of Tsinghua University in recent years. Properties such as the photon yield,the pulse length and time jitter of the produced photon pulse were predicted theoretically from the parameters of the electron bunch and the laser pulse,and the scattering angle. Preliminary experiments were successfully carried out with a 16 MeV backward-traveling-wave accelerator and the ns-Q switched laser provided by China Academy of Engineering Physics. This paper also introduces the 1.6-cell electron gun that was fabricated on site and the experiment with high RF power including the measurement of the electron bunche parameters. Based on these,we have designed an X-ray source,which is now under construction.

介绍了清华大学加速器实验室近年来关于汤姆逊散射超短X射线源的研究工作；研究了在任意散射角度下电子束参数和激光束参数对散射光子参数的影响，给出了散射光子的参数如光子产额、脉冲长度、时间抖动等与电子束参数、激光束参数和散射角度的关系；利用实验室已有的16 MeV反波行波加速器与中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心提供的ns调Q激光搭建了汤姆逊散射初步实验平台并开展了实验研究；加工了1.6-cell光阴极微波电子枪，搭建了高功率实验平台，对产生的电子束参数进行了初步测量；对汤姆逊散射超短X射线源进行了设计并开展了相关的平台建设工作，对产生的X射线脉冲参数进行了模拟。

In the first decade of the new century, Lee de Forest inserted a grid in the tube between the anode and cathode.

在新世纪的第一个十年，Lee de Forest往电子管的阳极和阴极之间插入一层栅格。

The main research work of this dissertation is as follows: Based on the chemical reaction engineering theory and the nitrobenzene electroreduction mechanism, the plate and frame electrolyzer was designed and applied to the process of electroreduction nitrobenzene to p-aminophenol. This dissertation measured the residence time distribution data of the electrolyzer by means of the pulse response method and studied the rule of flow pattern along with the current capacity change. Under different conditions ,this dissertation studied the cyclic voltammetry properties of nitrobenzene on different electrodes by means of the dynamic cyclic voltammetry method and the electrode materials applied to the NB electroreduction have been selected primarily.Baseed on the results of cyclic voltammetry tests, this dissertation used p-electrode systems to measure the steady-state- polarization curves of nitrobenzene on different electrodes in H-type diaphragm cell, and obtained each primary factor s influence rule and the exchange current density value of each electrode.And then on the basis of the conclusions of fundamental researchs upword, the effects of influence factors on the the yield of p-aminophenol and the current efficiency,such as electrode material, current density, quantity of electricity circulated, nitrobenzene concentration . sulpuric acid concentration and so on, have been studied in detail in the systems of hign temperature , strong acidity and oxygen-poorthrough a series of electrolysis experiments in this paper.After all using Pb as anode Monel metal as cathode Dupont Nafion 417 cation-exchange membrane as membrane, this dissertation obtained the optimum technological condition: reaction temperature about 85C, current density 500A m-2, sulphuric acid concentration 20%wt.

论文的主要研究工作为：运用化学反应工程理论，结合硝基苯的电还原机理，设计出用于硝基苯直接电还原合成对氨基苯酚实验的板框式电解槽，并利用脉冲响应法测定了该板框式电解槽的停留时间分布数据，研究了流型随流量变化的规律；通过动态循环伏安法研究了硝基苯在不同电极上、不同条件下的循环伏安特性，初步评选出了用于硝基苯电还原的电极材料；结合循环伏安的测定结果，在H型隔膜电解槽中采用三电极体系测定了硝基苯在不同电极上、不同条件下的稳态极化曲线，得到了各主要因素的影响规律及硝基苯在各个电极上电还原的交换电流密度数值；在基础研究结论指导下，采用板框式电解槽，在高温、强酸、贫氧系统中，进行了一系列的电解实验，分别考察了电极材料、电流密度、通电量、硝基苯浓度、硫酸浓度等因素对收率及电流效率的影响，最终选择以蒙乃尔合金电极作为阴极、铅合金为阳极、Dupont Nofion 417阳离子交换膜为隔膜，得到由硝基苯直接电还原制对氨基苯酚的最佳电解工艺条件：反应温度85℃，电流密度500A·m~(-2)，硫酸浓度20％wt。

In the subsequent experiments, when the LaBe cathode emitted continuously and the current is 40uA, the minimum diameter of electron-beam spot recorded was 22 um. While the LaB6 emitted pulse, the minimum diameter of the focus decreased and wasnt more than 15um. The reason is that the heat accumulated on the foil-film, which enlarged the focus dimension, reduced remarkably.

当阴极采取连续发射电子的工作模式(发射电流40μA)时，记录测量到的最小电子束焦斑直径不大于22μm；而在相同条件下，以脉冲方式发射电子束时，其焦斑直径不大于15μm，原因是短时间的电子轰击减小了靶面的热堆积效应等。

Further more, the simplified analysis method on stressed-skin effect of corrugated steel sheet is also discussed in detail.

此外还比较详细地探讨了蒙皮效应的简化分析方法。

If I had known her telephone number,I would have called her.

要是我知道她的电话号码，我就打电话给她了。