锁骨

Clavicle bone is suitable for implant as its density,and for the repair of mandibular defect as its shape.The accurate data of personalized clavicle shape and bone density can be measured through preoperative imaging.It can be used for design of mandibular defects repair and / or tooth plant in the same period with pedicle sternocleidomastoid muscle.

锁骨的骨密度适合做种植牙修复，锁骨的外形适合做下颌骨缺损修复，术前对影像学资料进行丈量能取得个性化的锁骨外形及骨密度的较为正确的数据，对临床上利用带血供的胸锁乳突肌锁骨瓣修复下颌骨缺损和/或同期种植牙修复具有一定的指导意义。

Dependent on the location of the subclavian vein in relation to the clavicle.

依靠锁骨与锁骨下静脉之间的相互关系。那锁骨与锁骨下静脉之间的有什么相互关系呢？

Methods 24 albino rabbits were divided into 3 groups randomly: group DHCA (n=8); group DHCA+SCP( n=8) and group DHCA+SCP +L-arg( n=8). Three groups were placed on cardiopulmonary bypassaccording to clinical method, the anonyma and bilateral subclavian arteries of animals in group DHCA+SCP and group DHCA+SCP +L-arg were isolated.

健康成年大耳白兔随机分成DHCA(n=8)组、DHCA+经右锁骨下动脉SCP组(n=8)和DHCA+经右锁骨下动脉SCP+L-arg组(n=8)，常规建立体外循环，实验组分离出无名动脉、右锁骨下动脉及左侧的锁骨下动脉并行右锁骨下动脉插管，然后开始转流降温。

Methods: 37 patients with distal clavicle fracture were treated with three different methods, 1 fixation by AO plate (20 cases), and 2 reconstructed coracoclavicular ligament by using Ethibond 5# suture (8 cases), 3 reconstructed coracoclavicular ligament by using suture anchor (9cases a).

对37例锁骨远端骨折患者分别采用锁骨钩钢板固定；切开复位并用ETHIBOND 5#线穿过喙突固定于锁骨骨折近端以重建喙锁韧带；切开复位后在喙突上置入2枚缝合锚，锚尾端的缝线固定于锁骨骨折近端以重建喙锁韧带三种不同手术方法进行治疗。

The infraclavicular and the AXIS approach can be substitutes for the supraclavicular approach. Considering the relative high incidence of pneumothorax, the infraclavicular approach should be paid more attention.

考虑到锁骨上入路臂丛阻滞的气胸发生率较高的缺点，锁骨下入路和AXIS入路可以作为锁骨上入路的一种替代方法，其中锁骨下入路尤应受到足够的重视。

To systematicallyinvestigate this landmark, we conducted a study in four phases:1 Two blindfolded examiners determined the distance betweenthe tuberosity's medial border and the clavicle's lateral endin 100 dried clavicles and then 2 performed subclavian veincannulation in 20 fresh human cadavers using the tuberosityand the suprasternal notch as landmarks. 3 Three-dimensionalreconstructions of the subclavian artery and vein and surroundingstructures were derived from computed tomography datasets of10 patients. The length of the path of a virtual subclavianvein cannulation with the deltoid tuberosity landmark was measuredbilaterally. 4 In a prospective, randomized trial, subclavianvein cannulation was performed in 60 patients with a standardapproach or with the deltoid tuberosity as landmark.

为系统地研究这个解剖标志，作者将本研究分为四个阶段：1 双盲检查100个干燥的锁骨测量其三角肌粗隆内侧缘至锁骨侧面末端的距离；2 在20具新鲜的尸体上以三角肌粗隆和胸骨上切迹为标志进行锁骨下静脉穿刺；3 利用 CT 所获取的数据资料对10个病人的锁骨下动脉和静脉以及周围结构进行三维重建，测量两侧以三角肌粗隆为标志的虚拟锁骨下静脉置管路径的长度；4 选择60例病人以标准路径或三角肌粗隆为标志进行锁骨下静脉穿刺的前瞻性随机试验研究。

To systematicallyinvestigate this landmark, we conducted a study in four phases:1 Two blindfolded examiners determined the distance betweenthe tuberosity's medial border and the clavicle's lateral endin 100 dried clavicles and then 2 performed subclavian veincannulation in 20 fresh human cadavers using the tuberosityand the suprasternal notch as landmarks. 3 Three-dimensionalreconstructions of the subclavian artery and vein and surroundingstructures were derived from computed tomography datasets of10 patients. The length of the path of a virtual subclavianvein cannulation with the deltoid tuberosity landmark was measuredbilaterally. 4 In a prospective, randomized trial, subclavianvein cannulation was performed in 60 patients with a standardapproach or with the deltoid tuberosity as landmark.

为系统地研究这个解剖标志，作者将本研究分为四个阶段：1 双盲检查100个乾燥的锁骨测量其三角肌粗隆内侧缘至锁骨侧面末端的距离；2 在20具新鲜的尸体上以三角肌粗隆和胸骨上切迹为标志进行锁骨下静脉穿刺；3 利用 CT 所获取的资料资料对10个病人的锁骨下动脉和静脉以及周围结构进行三维重建，测量两侧以三角肌粗隆为标志的虚拟锁骨下静脉置管路径的长度；4 选择60例病人以标准路径或三角肌粗隆为标志进行锁骨下静脉穿刺的前瞻性随机试验研究。

Objective:to investigate the treatment outcome of ao/asif clavicular hook plate in the treatment of acromioclavicular joint dislocation (tossy grade ⅲ)and unstable lateral clavicular fractures (neer type 2).methods: from february 2004 to march 2007,23 patients with unstable lateral clavicular fractures (neer type 2),2 patients with no-union lateral clavicular fractures and 5 patients with acromioclavicular joint dislocation (tossy grade ⅲ) were treated with acromioclavicular hook plate.

目的：探讨ao/asif锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨骨折和肩锁关节脱位的疗效。方法：对2004年2月～2007年3月我科收治的30例得到完整随访资料的锁骨骨折和肩锁关节脱位的患者进行回顾性分析，其中，应用锁骨钩钢板治疗的新鲜锁骨外端不稳定骨折23例，陈旧性锁骨外端骨折骨不连患者2例，tossy grade ⅲ度肩锁关节脱位5例。

Methods With surgery method treatment collar bone bone fracture 160 examples, in Cleveland needle steel wire fixed 134 examples, reconstructs the steel plate or in the collar bone steel plate the fixed 11 examples, the bolt after the collar bone and the processus coracoideus fixed 12 examples, in the collar bone hook steel plate the fixed 3 examples, after the technique, makes a follow-up visit the review analysis four in fixed methods the adaptation card, the bone fracture cicatrization time and the complication formation rate.

用手术方法治疗锁骨骨折160例，其中克氏针钢丝内固定134例，重建钢板或锁骨钢板内固定11例，螺钉经锁骨与喙突固定12例，锁骨钩钢板内固定3例，术后随访回顾性分析四种内固定方法的适应证、骨折愈合时间及并发症的发生率。

Basing on the setup of animal model of root avulsion of the brachial plexus, we divided the experimental animal into four groups by the operative method: Group A: one end of the maternal nerve graft was connected with the upper trunk of the healthy side by end-to-side neurorrhaphy, and the other end was sutured to the distal stump of musculocutaneous nerve infraclevicularly by end-to-end neurorrhaphy. Goup B: on the healthy side, the operation was the same, the other end was sutured to the distal end of C〓 by end-to-end neurorrhaphy on the affected side. Group C: the maternal nerve graft bridged the phrenic nerve and infraclevicular musculocutaneous nerve of the affected side by end-to-end neurorrhaphy. Group D: the phrenic nerve was sutured to the distal end of C〓 supraclevicularly by end-to-end neurorrhaphy.

在构建了模拟小儿臂丛神经根性撕脱伤的动物模型基础上，将实验动物按手术方式分组如下，A组：母鼠提供的的神经移植体一端与子鼠健侧臂丛上干行端侧吻合，另一端与患侧已切断的锁骨下肌皮神经远端行端端吻合。B组：母鼠提供的的神经移植体一端与子鼠健侧臂丛上干行端侧吻合，另一端与患侧已切断的锁骨上颈〓远端行端端吻合。C组：母鼠提供的的神经移植体桥接于子鼠患侧膈神经与锁骨下肌皮神经之间。D组：子鼠患侧膈神经直接与锁骨上颈〓远端行端端吻合。

The physiology of the skin machine body for the sake of the environment in the maintenance stability, but eject a body metabolism creation of metabolism thing BE'grease', summer perspire many various skin disease light or good, autumn perspire little metabolism thing metabolism don't go out, various skin disease made, this be the skin machine body of various burning disease.

皮肤机体的生理为了维持内环境稳定，而排出身体代谢产生的代谢物是'油泥'，夏天出汗多各种皮肤病就轻或好了，秋天出汗少代谢物代谢不出去，各种皮肤病就犯了，这就是皮肤机体的各种炎症。

If I had anything tender in me, I shot it dead.

如果我有什么招标的话，我枪死亡。