铸币

Chapter four introduces inflation bias and seigniorage, tests the long equilibrium relationship and short fluctuation pattern between money supply and inflation in China.

第四章论述了货币政策中有关通货膨胀倾向和铸币税问题，并检验了我国货币供给量与通货膨胀率之间的长期均衡关系和短期波动模式。

The system has defects, one of which is the impact of dollar hegemony on the currency sovereignty, including the impact on currency monopoly, international seigniorage rights and financial control rights.

该制度存在诸多弊端，其中之一就是美元霸权对货币主权的冲击，包括对货币垄断发行权的冲击，对取得国际铸币税权利的冲击及对金融调控权的冲击。

The public debt and public debt policy can become the government's tool of macroeconomic management, and its theoretical foundation is that public debt has the function seigniorage.

国债和国债政策能够成为政府宏观调控工具，其理论基础是国债具有铸币税功能。

Credit cards challenge the status of the Central Bank. They impact the monopoly authority of currency issue and reduce the seigniorage revenues.

信用卡挑战了中央银行的地位，冲击了其货币垄断发行权，同时减少了铸币税收入，缩小了中央银行的资产负债。

Through the analysis of the history of Central Bank integrating the currency issue right, we can say that in spite of the dispersion of network currency issue right reducing the Seigniorage Revenues of Central Bank, now. the issue right of network currency should not be taken over by the state.

通过中央银行统一货币发行权的历史分析，可以认为，尽管由于网络货币发行权的分散会减少中央银行的铸币税收入，但在目前的条件下中央银行不应该将网络货币的发行权收归国有。

Currency substitution is the inevitable problem during the developing course of developing countries,which will make exchange rate fluctuate frequently、influence the independence of monetary policy、decrease government's inflation tax and seigniorage、slack social public's confidence in domestic currency , only to the stability of macro-economy and the effective power of economic policies.

货币替代是发展中国家在开放过程中所不可避免的问题，它的存在会使汇率频繁波动、影响货币政策独立性、削弱政府的通货膨胀税和铸币税、涣散社会公众对本币的信心等，这会严重影响国家宏观经济的稳定和经济政策的效力。

To sum up, the financial function of the public debt has widened the function of the public debt policy. The seigniorage function of public debt and the special function of public debt market in providing liquidity make public debt policy become more independent. Therefore, if public debt policy is to play a sufficient role in the macroeconomic management, it is essential to set up a developed and perfect public debt market.

总之，国债金融职能拓宽了国债政策的作用范围，国债的铸币税功能和国债市场在维护市场流动性方面的特殊作用，使国债政策具有较强的独立性，而建立一个发达和完善的国债市场是充分发挥国债政策宏观调控作用的必要条件。

Apart from the immeasurable benefits like power to speak in the international financial forums, benefits of currency internationalization include international seigniorage revenue and financial profits from operating the offshore r...

作者认为，除了在国际金融体系中的话语权等无法计量的好处以外，货币国际化利益主要表现为国际铸币税收益，以及运用境外储备投资的金融业收益。

The most direct monetary internationalization benefit is the Seigniorage. Apart from the Seigniorage benefit, the international currency also could bring many other indirect benefits.

一国货币国际化最直接的收益是国际铸币税收益，除此之外，人民币成为国际货币还可以带来许多其他间接受益。

RMB's internationalization can benefit China the seigniorage, reduce the risk of the exchange rate, offer the convenience for district trade, finance the deficit and promote RMB's position in the international currency system.

人民币国际化除获得铸币税外，还可获得降低汇率风险，为我国区域贸易提供便利、为国际收支的赤字融资、提升人民币在国际货币体系中的地位、获得灵活性优势和收入优势等潜在收益。

Since historical times,England ,where the early inhabitants were Celts, has been conquered three times .

从有历史以来，英国，在此地早期居住的是凯尔特人，已经被征服了三次。

Bluetooth OBEX File Transfer Enables the sending and receiving of files on your phone via Bluetooth.

蓝牙OBEX文件移动允许经过蓝牙传送和接受文件。。。。