部落

This study describes the multi-facet systematic evolution of the said rural community from 1907 to 2007: from the perspective of ethnic culture, it has changed from a single ethnic cultural community of Yoghur(Ethnic Yugur\'s self-name) ethnic group into a multi-ethnic cultural community with Yoghur ethnic group as the dominating majority and embracing the ethnic groups of Han, Tibetan, Tu, Mongolian and Kazak; from the perspective of language, it has changed from a community where Yoghur and Tibetan languages dominated with the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language as the subordinate into one where the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language dominate with the Yoghur language as the subordinate; in the perspective of marriage and heirship system, from a parallel operation of two systems (patrilineal heirship for official marriages and matrilineal heirship system for matrimonial forms through the head-wearing ceremony) to monogamy and patrilineal heirship; in the perspective of means of living, from animal husbandry complemented with hand knitting and camel caravan transporting to agricultural farming complemented with animal husbandry and many others; in the perspective of social organization, from a traditional tribe to a modern country society; in the perspective of political system and social management, from the customs-authority management which combined the dominating headman hereditary system under the tribal union of an imperial dynasty and the subordinating elite influence, to the resource-interest management of party-government departmental system under the ethnic minority autonomy of a nation state; in the perspective of religious faith, from a coexistence of the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism and the devout ancestor worship to the currently prevalent ancestor worship with religions declining and faith weakening; in the perspective of education, from the local-knowledge-oriented education to an official-knowledge-oriented education, in which modern schooling has become the major educational organization instead of the former traditional temple education; the school has replaced the temple as the "knowledge-culture" communication center; at least in the minds of the local people the central role of family education during the children\'s cultural development has also been replaced by schooling.

本研究描述了1907～2007年间，这个乡村社区的多面向的系统变迁：从族群文化的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔为绝对主体的单一族群文化社区转变为一个以尧乎尔为主体的、有汉、藏、土、蒙古、哈萨克等组成的多元族群文化社区；从语言文字的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔语和藏文为主，以汉语方言和汉文为辅的社区转变为一个以汉语方言和汉文为主，以尧乎尔语为辅的社区；从婚姻与继嗣制度的角度而言，从一个双系并行(明媒正娶婚行父系继嗣制度，帐房戴头婚行母系继嗣制度)的社区转变为行一夫一妻制和父系继嗣制度的社区；从生计方式的角度看，从一个以畜牧业生产为主，以手工编织和驼队运输为辅的社区转变为一个以农业为主，以牧业为辅的、多种生计方式并存的社区；从社会组织的形态而言，从一个传统部落社会转变为一个现代乡村社会；从政治制度和社会控制的角度而言，从帝制王朝的部落联盟制下头目世袭制为主，户族精英为辅的习俗—权威型控制方式转变为一个民族-国家中民族区域自治制度下以党政科层制的资源—利益型控制方式；从宗教信仰的角度而言，从一个格鲁派藏传佛教和萨满教并存，祖先崇拜之风甚烈的社区转变为寺庙衰落、信仰淡化、惟祖先崇拜仍广为流行的社区；从教育的角度而言，从一个以地方知识教育为主的社区转变为一个以官方知识教育为主的社区，现代学校教育取代了传统寺庙教育成为社区的主要教育组织形式，学校取代寺庙成为"知识—文化"传播的中心，在青少年儿童的文化成长过程中，家庭教养扮演的中心角色，至少在乡民的观念上被学校教育替代。

The United Kingdom three anthropologists, Hobhouse, Wheeler and Jin Johannesburg, visiting 425 of the uncivilized tribes, farming will not see all of the tribe did not have social classes.

英国三位人类学家，霍布豪斯、惠勒和靳斯堡，考察过四百二十五个未开化的部落，看到所有不会耕种的部落里都根本没有社会阶级。

Or tribe are forbidden to intermarry with members of other families or tribes, and free to marry among themselves, there is not room for fraud or force in the constitution of marriage.

清楚的是，如果一个家庭或部落的成员被禁止与其他家庭或部落的成员通婚，而在他们自己中间自由通婚，便没有空间适合于婚姻惯例中的欺骗和暴力。

Much more likely is it that indigenous marriage forms should be employed in the celebration of intertribal marriages when they occurred.

大得多的可能是，当部落间结婚发生时，本土的结婚形式应为部落间结婚的庆典中所用。

The Mongols burst out of their obscurity into history in the early thirteenth century when Temujin ("Ironsmith"), a tribal leader, united a number of loosely organized tribes into a single, disciplined force

13世纪初，部落首领铁木真把几个松散的部落联合起来，组成了一支统一的、有纪律的队伍，从此蒙古人从默默无闻中脱颖而出，载人史册。

Elaborating on the tribal theme, designers like Christian Dior, Junya Watanabe, and Louis Vuitton are offering an array of tribal accessories, such as silver metal chokers, animal print arm bangles, and chunky wooden bracelets and necklaces.

接下来再详细说说部落风这一主题。设计大家们，诸如克里斯汀迪奥，渡边淳弥，还有路易威登都生产了一批部落风的小饰品，比如说银质的金属宽领带，印有动物的臂镯，以及短粗的木手镯和木项链。

Karo men and women are known for their ritual scarification. Men scar their chests to represent rivals killed from enemy tribes; women with scarred chests are considered sensual and attractive.Photo shot on assignment for, but not published in,"Enigma of Beauty," January 2000, National Geographic magazine

但是Karo部落的男女却因在祭祀中的牺牲而远近闻名：男的往往自创其胸部，伤疤象征古时和敌对部落厮杀时候落下的印记；女的也一样，胸部伤疤则别具一种挑逗和性感。

Different tribes related to those that moved to the south created the Kazakh khanate in heaths.

许多被流放的部落向南方迁徙，到达中亚地区，并且部落之间联合起来建立了哈萨克可汗国。

The conviction has spread to the neighbour in g Kuki and Ch in tribes, who have seen hundreds convert to Judaism in recent years.

这种信念传播到附近的库基部落和钦部落，近几年，他们中已经有几百人改信了犹太教。

The conviction has spread to the neighbouring Kuki and Chin tribes, who have seen hundreds convert to Judaism in recent years.

这种信念传播到附近的库基部落和钦部落，近几年，他们中已经有几百人改信了犹太教。

Objective To investigate the effects of interleukin-1 β converting enzyme gene on the biologic characteristics of ovarian cancer cells.

目的 探讨白细胞介素-1 β转换酶的表达，对卵巢癌细胞生物学特性的影响。

Campylobacter: This illness is the most commonly identified cause of diarrheal illness in the world.

弯曲：这种病是最常见的原因查明腹泻病，在世界上。