还原

It is found that the indirect electroreduction of maleic acid to butane diacid was achieved by Ti~/Ti~ redox system on the nanocrystalline TiO2 film surface, the electrode reaction mechanism is the called catalytic mechanism.

其中TiO_2/Ti_2O_3电对对马来酸具有异相电催化还原活性，纳米TiO_2膜中的Ti~/Ti~氧化还原电对作为媒质间接电还原马来酸为丁二酸，反应机理为电化学偶联随后化学催化反应机理。

Taking Shewanella and Geobacter as examples, this paper reviewed three kinds of possible mechanisms of microbial enzyme-catalyzed dissimilatory Fe reduction and its molecular regulation, i.e., direct contact between microbial cell and Fe oxides, siderrophores, and electron shuttling compounds. Many membrane-bound cytochrome proteins are involved in the dissimilatory Fe reduction, forming a complicated regulation network.

以希瓦氏菌和地杆菌为例，本文综述了3种异化Fe还原的酶促反应机制及其分子调控机理：异化Fe还原菌与Fe氧化物直接接触机制、电子穿梭体的作用机制、铁载体作用机制，多种膜蛋白特别是多血红素的细胞色素蛋白参与微生物的异化Fe还原过程，并形成复杂的调控网络。

The direct electroreduction of nitrite requires large overpotential on most electrode surfaces, however, various transition-metal complexes were proved to be good catalysts for nitrite reduction.

NO〓〓的直接电还原需要很高的过电位，但各种各样的金属配合物被证明是NO〓〓电还原的良好催化剂，而我们在实验中惊奇地发现一系列饱和未取代的和稀土取代的杂多化合物对NO〓〓还原产生良好的催化作用。

This protocol could also be used for the selective reduction of the endocyclic double bond of the 3-electron withdrawing group substituted coumarins. This method is clean, mild, and efficient.2 ZrCl_4 / HEH was found to be a selective and efficient reagent combination for the direct reductive amination of electron rich aldehydes and ketones with weakly basic amines after scanning various catalysts such as InCl_3, BiCl_3, CF_3COOH and so on.

图一 1。我们用汉斯酯作为有机还原剂，乙醇为溶剂，实现了4-甲叉基噁嗯唑酮和吡唑酮环外双键的高选择性还原；此外，我们还将这一还原体系用于3-吸电子集团取代-3，4-二氢香豆素环内双键的选择性还原。

This thesis investigates the profile extraction and shape optimization on the result of topology optimization of planar compliant mechanisms. The main context includes the following work:(1) summarizing and analyzing the recent research status, some harvest and unsolved problems;(2) analyzing the conceptual design of planar path-generating compliant mechanisms and its mathematical model and tools;(3) Modifying the method of density contour as the method of profile extraction, and developing a method to optimize the density function in the profile extraction according to the requirement of the design of compliant mechanism;(4) developing a method to abstract the compliant mechanism into a form of links and joints by using the principle of connectivity on topology;(5) developing a method of shape optimization of planar path-generating compliant mechanisms, by representing the profile of the abstracted compliant mechanism as simple curves such as straight lines and arcs, establishing the models of the size optimization of the parameters of these curves, so that the compliant mechanism has a machinable shape;(6) At last, proving the feasibleness and effectiveness of the design method by making simulation design and validating it in FEA software.

主要工作包括：(1)分析了柔顺机构拓扑优化和形状优化的研究现状，分析了目前柔顺机构的研究重点、主要成果和尚未解决的问题；(2)分析了基于SIMP的柔顺机构概念设计方法及其相关工具和模型；(3)针对柔顺机构轮廓提取的特殊要求，提出了密度等值线法的改进方案，对密度函数插值点密度值进行优化，提出优化模型和选择优化算法；(4)根据轨迹输出平面全柔顺机构自身的形状特点，提出了轨迹输出平面全柔顺机构的抽象方法，即应用拓扑学上的连通性原理将柔顺机构抽象成杆件和结点形式，并对相应的数学原理进行了证明；(5)提出了平面全柔顺机构的形状还原和尺寸优化方法，对抽象的柔顺机构进行还原，将其轮廓还原成简单曲线的连接，从而建立尺寸优化模型，对机构进行尺寸优化设计，在得到可加工的机构轮廓的同时又能对关键部位进行特别处理；(6)进行了柔顺机构的数值仿真设计，并将所得设计结果导入商用有限元软件中进行仿真实验，证明了设计方法的可行性和有效性。

Essence of oxido-reduction reaction is studied by the theory of Yuanji Diagram , the law of oxidability or reductibility of a matter is analysised, and the standard of deciding the weakness and strong-ness of oxidability or reductibility is given

用元极图理论研究氧化还原反应的实质，分析了物质的氧化性或还原性规律，提出了判断物质的氧化性或还原性强弱的标准。

High oxidation—resisting ability means that the pellets can be reduced in the atmosphere of high oxidizability.

高自还原能力是指本文含碳球团在1200～1350℃自还原十几分钟之内，达到80％以上的金属化率，自还原速度很快。

Through the analysis of the alloy electroplating solution in gradients, the process variables and their relationship between content of manganese in the alloy coating, the optimum process has been obtained, the additive to improve the cathode current efficiency was found; it was found that the deposits with a manganese content 40～60% exhibit excellent corrosion resistance; the corrosion resistance of zinc-manganese alloy coating will be even better after"phosphated"and passivated.

研究发现Na〓SeO〓能显著提高锌锰合金电沉积电流效率。首次用循环伏安法、恒电势电解法、恒电流阶跃法研究了Na〓SeO〓提高电流效率的作用机理。研究发现Na〓SeO〓在锌锰共沉积的条件下在阴极是分两步还原，即：首先在-0.9V处被还原为单质硒，然后在-1.25V处被还原为多硒阴离子。证明了多硒和多硒阴离子都在阴极存在特性吸附

The physicochemistry properties of the raw ore and its meaning on geochemistry The earthy black weathered mineral has strong oxide-reducing and acid-base activites. When it reacts with hydroxylammine hydrochloride and inorganic acid, the large number of RE and pb in it can be dissolved in aqueous solution.

原矿的物理化学性质及地球化学意义黑色土状风化物具有较强的可还原性和酸碱活性，它对稀土和Pb等的吸持作用受环境pH值和氧化还原电势影响很大，其中的稀土和Pb可在原矿与还原性物质和酸性物质反应时被溶解出来。

In this way, the temperature of the gas is decreased and the reductibility of the gas is increased.

这种方法既可以降低煤气温度，使之满足预还原对煤气温度要求，又能提高进入上部预还原煤气的还原能力。

He is the most remarkable man that I have ever known.

他是我知道的人中最值得注意的人。

Increased appearance of lymphocele was noticed in patients with diabetic nephropathy, congenital malformations of the urinary tract, and inflammatory diseases, including glomerulopathy and extraglomerular ones, after high-voltage radiotherapy and after removal of the renal graft.

经过高压放射疗法和切除移植肾后，在糖尿病肾病患者、泌尿系统先天性畸形患者和炎症患者身上发现淋巴囊肿有所增加，包括肾小球病和球外疾病等。