语音学

This paper is a study of descriptive linguistics. Based on basic theory of linguistics, according to functional-typological methodology and relying on laboratory phonetical theory and computer data base theory, this paper makes a detail description on phonetic, lexion and grammar of ZhaoZhuang Vernacular, which is southern dialect of Bai language.

本文的研究属描写语言学范畴，以语言学基本理论为基础，以功能·类型学的方法论为依据，依托于实验语音学理论和计算机数据库理论，对白语南部方言大理土语云南大理下关市市郊赵庄话进行包括语音、词汇、语法的描写。

Chapter2 describes phonetic system of Bai language of Zhao Zhuang: initials, finals and tones. And using laboratory phonetical theory, this part also analyzes tone system of BLZZ.

第二章对赵庄白语的语音系统——声母、韵母、声调进行描写，用实验语音学的方法对赵庄白语声调系统进行了实验分析。

The history and current situation of research in speech recognition are proposed all-sidedly and systematically. We probe into such topics about acoustic features, phonetic features, phonologic features and auditory perception in terms of related theory and disciplines. Furthermore, we summarize and analyze focus in current theoretical and technical aspects of speech recognition and immediately put an insight into challenge to speech recognition presently, even in a long time.

论文全面、系统地介绍了国内外语音识别的发展历史和发展现状，结合相关学科的知识，分析了语音声学特征、语音学特征、音系学特征及其语音感知等有关问题，分析并总结了目前语音识别理论和技术实现方面的研究重点以及目前、甚至在相当长的时期内语音识别面临的挑战。

According to the degrees of PSC they have,Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage are classified into four stages as elementary ,intermediate ,intermediate-advanced and advanced.Then the phonologies of Standard Mandarin and Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage are compared in order to find out the phonological differences between these two dialects. Based on the statistical results, the writer chooses ten typical kinds of pronunciation errors of finals according to the rates of pronunciation errors of finals on stages.Then, the phonetic level analysis is made on them for the four stages respectively. Furthermore, acoustic features of vowels, diphthongs, triphthongs and vowels with nasal endings are analysized and compared by plotting vowel charts and formant patterns for them. Finally, the writer gets some preliminary results of the typical pronunciation errors of finals during the whole process of Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage and on the stages of it respectively.

本文结合当前这种实际研究和应用的需要，以上海地区普通话过渡语为考察对象，从韵母发音偏误入手，借鉴第二语言习得研究中偏误分析和中介语研究的相关理论，采用实验语音学的方法，随机选取了80位上海地区不同普通话水平等级的应试人的应试录音和试卷作为本研究使用的语料，并将其分别对应于上海地区普通话过渡语的四个阶段，重点考察这80位处于不同阶段的应试人在测试的读单字部分的韵母发音偏误现象，通过对各阶段所有应试人的各类韵母发音偏误出现率的统计分析，展示出上海地区普通话学习者在韵母习得方面产生的偏误在过渡语各个阶段上的分布特点及趋势；再根据各阶段各韵母发音偏误率的统计结果，选取各阶段共同具有的十类主要的韵母发音偏误，分别绘制过渡语各阶段的偏误音声学元音舌位图或共振峰模式图，并与标准普通话中相应韵母的声学元音舌位图或共振峰模式图进行比较，从而展示出上海地区普通话学习者的主要韵母偏误类型在过渡语不同阶段上各自的声学特征、偏离标准音的程度和相关趋势，并从一定程度上反映了这一地区普通话学习者在韵母习得方面的能力发展轨迹，为普通话教学及培训中如何提高教学效率问题提供一定的参考依据，也为普通话水平测试各等级标准声学特征的建立，乃至为将来测试的计算机化提供了可靠的声学参数。

John Wells, Professor of Phonetics at the University of London, said regional twangs had been seen before in birds.

伦敦大学语音学教授威尔斯说，地区口音过去曾在鸟类身上看到。

For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme.

语素变体，语素的一种变体形式，如语音学的中之 s在 cats中，z在 dogs中，和 iz

Allomorph: Any of the variant forms of a morpheme. For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme.

语素变体语素的一种变体形式，如语音学的中之 s 在 cats 中，z 在 dogs 中，语素变体，语素的一种变体形式，中都是英语复数语素的语素变体。

For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme.

语素变体，语素的一种变体形式，如语音学的中之 s在 cats中，z在 dogs中，和 iz在 horses中，还有 en在 oxen中都是英语复数语素的语素变体。

The book helps child learn alphabets with phonics, which is a natural way to acquire English words.

用语音学字母是习得英语词汇的一种自然的方法。

The purpose of this thesis is principally to supply teachers of English from Yixing Dialect area with basic linguistic and phonetic theories as well as practical examples of how to do contrastive analysis in their teaching of English pronunciation.

中文摘要：基于宜兴方言语音体系属性对英语标准发音学习所存在的正、负两方面的影响，本论文的撰写目的是：为具有一定语音学基础理论知识及实践经验、且其教学对象是宜兴地区学生的英语语音教师提供可进行对比教学的资料及依据。

Since historical times,England ,where the early inhabitants were Celts, has been conquered three times .

从有历史以来，英国，在此地早期居住的是凯尔特人，已经被征服了三次。

Bluetooth OBEX File Transfer Enables the sending and receiving of files on your phone via Bluetooth.

蓝牙OBEX文件移动允许经过蓝牙传送和接受文件。。。。