观测所

Other observations have revealed that NGC 4945 has an active galactic nucleus, meaning its central bulge emits far more energy than calmer galaxies like the Milky Way.

其他的观测资料显示， NGC4945拥有一个活动星系核，这意味着：跟象银河系这样比较平静的星系相比，其中心的凸出区域所释放的能量要多得多。

Spectral methods and the classical Crank-Nicolson scheme are applied to deduce the full discrete system for the continuous model, then the variational adjoint assimilation approach is used to derive the gradient and the corresponding adjoint system.

从这个全离散问题出发，结合全局或局部已知的观测数据，分别构造梯度下降算法求解相应的最优化问题。我们分析了采用不同方法计算梯度所需的代价，另外，还给出一种选择最优迭代步长的算法。

In spite of the limited air sounding data, we would use the adiabatic lapse rate method and the time interpolation to get the hourly mixing height. It should be noticed that the degree of accuracy was not so good enough that we can completely believe it. As a result, the follow research worker should notice this over estimation by the method.

因此尽管在有限的例行气象探空观测下，采用乾绝热递减法配合时间权重内插计算是现有条件下的一权宜方法，但是须注意的是，此方法的准确性并不如我们所预期，混合层比对的相关性也不甚理想，因此建议后续研究，如有继续采用乾绝热递减法来决定混合层高度之时，应多加留意探空资料对混合层所产生的高估影响。

We expect it will benefit the industry field to break through the optical measuring limits at present by offering some new ideas. Optical measuring research based on moire interferometry has developed for several decades. The main idea of this research is to utilize the moire effect caused by two superimposed gratings of identical or similar spatial frequency. One is the reference grating and it is a virtual grating created by a computer program in this research; The other grating is the image of grating projected on the measured surface by the DLP projector, and this grating will distort because of the different sloped profile of the surface. To superimpose the program-created grating and the captured distorted grating will derive the so-called moire effect. This research combined the basic theory of optical interferometry and moire effect to project the different phases of the projected grating fringes by the phase-shifting method and compute the principal value of arguments between -π,π. In the end, the phase unwrapping program based on discrete Fourier transform of solving PDEs is used to unwrap the phase of the measured surface, and finally the surface profile is derived by the optical measuring system.

以叠纹干涉术为基础的光学检测研究之发展早已行之有年，而在本研究中所采用的投影叠纹法(Projection moiré)之主要精神在於藉由两道空间频率相近或相同的光栅相互叠加而成的效应，其中一道为参考光栅，而本研究中的参考光栅是以程式产生可调整不同空间频率的虚拟光栅；另一道则为投影至待测物表面的光栅影像，而在起伏高度不一的待测表面上的光栅影像会受到待测物表面起伏状况不同而在观测方向产生光栅投影条纹影像的歪曲变形，将电脑产生的参考光栅与由影像撷取装置所获取投影於待测物表面的光栅影像作叠合，便会产生所谓的叠纹效应；利用基本的光学干涉理论与叠纹效应结合，本研究中以相移法来改变投影於待测表面的光栅相位，再以相移法的理论反运算出在带有待测面各点高度资讯之介於-π，π相位主幅角，再以离散傅立叶转换解偏微分方程的相位重建程式还原待测面的相位值，以得知待测面之表面轮廓。

The sludge in SBMBR1 presented granular characteristics and settled very well. The sludge in SBMBR1was brown and the sludge flocs was smashed by the shear force due to high intensity of aeration. The sludge size decreased and the sludge flocs blended with water forming ropy solutions, and there was no distinguish interface between water and sludge. Low sludge age and high loading operation enabled the sludge in SBMBR1 keeping higher sludge activity and the MLVSS/MLSS ratio and SOUR values of SBMBR1 were higher than SBMBR2. Both in SBMBR1 and SBMBR2, there were large amount of zoogloea, bacillus, coryneform of bacteria, and pediococcus. However, in SBMBR1 there were also a lot of Protozoa like epistylis and etc. A certain amount of filamentous bacteria can also be found in SBMBR1. The biological species in SBMBR1 were much more abundant than that in SBMBR2.3. Membrane fouling on flat-sheets membrane was observed and analyzed with AFM, SEM and TEM. After the measurement of membrane surface EPS and membrane surface ETX analysis, the pollutants composition on the surface of flat-sheets membrane was calculated.

从外观观察SBMBR1反应器中的活性污泥呈浅黄色，随着运行时间的增加，污泥粒径逐步增加，SV、SVI值逐步下降，呈现出较强的颗粒特征，沉降性能良好；SBMBR2污泥呈土黄色，污泥絮体被高强度的曝气所产生的切应力所打碎，污泥粒径迅速降低，絮体较为细碎，和水相混合成均一粘稠的溶液，看不到泥水分界面；低泥龄、高负荷运行，使得SBMBR1可以保持较高的微生物活性，MLVSS/MLSS值、SOUR值均高于SBMBR2；两级反应器活性污泥中均有大量的菌胶团，长杆菌、短杆菌和球菌是构成主体，但SBMBR1活性污泥中含有大量固着型原生动物如累枝虫等，还存在着一定数量的丝状菌，生物相要比SBMBR2丰富。3、借助原子力显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜等手段对平板膜污染现象进行观测和分析，并通过膜表面污染物EPS测定、污染膜表面能谱分析，得出平板膜表面污染物的组成。

For understanding the workability and precision of these prediction equations, at first this study not only simulates the MHs of Taipei, Taichung, Kaoshung cities and Kao-ping area but also compares these results with meteorological models of CLAMET and TPAQM. And the comparisons show the high correlation (up to 0.8) between them. When the results of MH prediction equations model are compared with TPAQM, they get higher or lower values than TPAQM. The reasons are that Holzworth method can not concern about the warm and cold advections effect and the upper air data used do not get enough finer space-spread. About the results spread on the domain of my model, they show more different MH fields between the land and the sea around and get more sharply change of the land MHs on daytime than TPAQM.

为了解此预测式之可行性及准确度，本研究针对台北、台中、高雄及高屏地区作混合层高度值的模拟，并将模拟结果与实际观测值、CALMET气象模组及光化学轨迹模式输出结果作比对，结果显示均有0.80以上之高相关性；但与TPAQM计算结果间有明显的高估或低估现象，此为Holzworth method无法考量温度平流效应对混合层发展之影响及探空资料空间解析度不足所致；而在空间分布上，本模式所计算的混合层高度场相较於TPAQM在海陆分布上有较明显的分野，且更能够显示出内陆地区混合层高度的日变化。

In this paper, the rotary spectra of sea current and residual current are calculated for the data of cunent vector time series acquired through a mooring buoy located at (114°20.5'E, 20°04.8'N). Subsequently, the preliminary analysis for the internal structures of current in this area is done from these results of calculation and a lesidual current with a three days period is found in this sea area.

本文利用本所水文气象研究室在东沙群岛西南海域投放的一个锚定浮标(114°20.5′E，20°04.8′N)所获得的一系列海流流速矢量观测资料，用旋转谱分析方法对该站海流的内部结构作初步的探讨，并由此得到该站海流的某些运动学特征。

The shape of star formation rate density versus the redshift in the closed box is quite similar to the Madau plot drawn from the UV luminosity in the observation of high redshift.

我们在星系化学演化的研究中发现：变化的IMF形式对星系化学演化结果有明显的影响；星系化学演化总趋势是随时间演化气体含量逐渐减少，金属含量逐渐增加；在我们所取的简单星系模型内部恒星生成率密度随红移的演化关系能够在一定程度上体现高红移观测中所得到的Madau图的特性。

Bethink of this, one can readily find that an additional assumption implicitly assumed in the above deduction line: The space curvature induced by the CC must appear in the observed Universe we live in.

想到了这一点，我们不难发现上述推理所隐含的额外假定就是：由宇宙学常数所导致的曲率出现在我们的观测宇宙中。

The subgrade damages are divided into two-types: high subgrade and low subgrade damages. High subgrade damages of which are related to the embankment height and slope directions maily include longitudinal cracks and subgrade cracks. The higher of the embankment height, the greater of the happening rate. The mechanisms of high subgrade damages formation are analyzed by the observed dates of soil temperature within the embankment and damages survey. In warm permafrost regions, the damages are mainly caused by the formation and development of the thaw bulb and thaw layer. In cold permafrost regions, the damages are mainly caused by frozen bulges.

围绕这些病害特征及形成过程，提出了将多年冻土区填土路基病害分为低路基病害与高路基病害，目前青藏公路路基的病害形式主要表现为以纵向裂缝与路基开裂为主的高路基病害，并提出了高路基病害与路基高度及坡向直接相关，路基高度越高，高路基病害发生的几率越大；通过对高路基地温观测数据的分析，并结合高路基病害的调查结果，研究得出了不同地温区高路基病害的形成机理，提出高温冻土区主要是由于融化盘与融化夹层的形成与发展所引起的，低温冻土区主要是由于冻结核的形成与发展所引起的。

We will see more and more activist government policies that distinguish economic activities according to the nationality of the actors.

我们将看到越来越多激进的政府政策，这些政策根据企业的国籍来区分经济活动。

If we can prove the independence of an axiomatic system, then we can guarantee the conciseness of this system, ie.

如果能够证明某个一阶谓词系统的独立性，那么就能够保证该系统的建立是精炼的，即没有任何一条公理或推理规则是多余的。