要件

Changes related to the case in the form of lease elements of common law and equity by the different provisions were as follows: common law, a seal of the lease can not be changed orally manner, but only through contractual means of achieving for this purpose; Equity Act, a contract can be a simple way to change the contract (the lease is concerned, need to be reflected in writing, that is written in the form of elements), the court may have to change to confirm its effectiveness.

涉及对本案租约进行变更的形式要件，普通法与衡平法所作的不同规定 6 表现为：普通法规定，一个加盖印章的租约是不能通过口头的方式加以变更的，而只能通过契约的方式达到此目的；衡平法规定，一个契约可以用简单的合同方式加以变更(就租约而言，需要以书面形式加以体现，即以书面形式为要件)，法院可以对此变更确认其效力。

According to the demand of nullum crimen sine lege, whichever crime should be punished only by a prescribed clause of criminal law. Under this circumstances, the focus of research on joint crime is how to find the link point between the fact of several persons participate in one crime and constitutive elements stipulated by the criminal law.

罪刑法定主义犯罪论体系下，研究共同犯罪问题的实质在于如何寻求多人参与犯罪的情况与刑法分则具体条文所规定的构成要件之间的连接点，将一系列不同于分则直接表述的犯罪修正形式解释的符合于构成要件主客观内容的要求，进而明确对共同犯罪人科处刑罚的规范基础。

Form the purposive definition in the penal code combing the logical discursion, we could draw a conclusion that the sphere of cognition must be related to the facts of the criminal constitutional items.

但根据我国犯罪构成的四要件理论，认识的内容非常繁杂，理论上也有很大的分歧，但相比较而言，认识一要件说(仅仅包括犯罪客观方面的事实)更具备可行性。

It is necessary to illustrate the subjective and objective aspects of instigation particularly.

教唆犯的成立要件中有必要予以特别说明的只是其客观方面与主观方面的要件。

By analyzing the grounds of this viewpoint, this paper holds that intention is still the inevitable element of actus reus in the criminal law and that intention is different from deliberation and involuntariness which form the sub- jective ingredients of crime in that the former indicates the attitudes of the action - doer has towards the act...

本文对该观点所依据的几点理由进行了分析，认为有意性仍然是刑法中危害行为的必然要素，并将刑法中危害行为的有意性与作为犯罪构成主观要件的故意与过失区别开来，认为危害行为的有意性是指行为人对其行为本身所持有的心理态度，而作为犯罪构成主观要件的故意与过失是指行为人对其行为引起的危害结果所持有的心理态度，二者在内容、性质、功能以及法律后果等四方面存有显著的区别。此外，本文还对二者在司法实践中的表现形式进行了归纳分类。

The third chapter is to anatomize the primary contents of Chinese sponsor system and the regulations deficiency, which relate to the sponsor qualification system, the supervisory system of sponsor's behavior. And then, sum up the responsibilities of the sponsor's, such as recommendation, tutortion, supervision and sponsion. Based on this theory, it analyzes the responsibility term and system safe guard.

第三章重点研究我国保荐人资格监管与行为监管制度的完善，归纳分析保荐人应当具备的实质要件与形式要件，对保荐代表人"一考定终身"的制度弊端进行了探讨并提出完善的建议；接着归纳了保荐人的职责内容，通过要求保荐人承担一定职责来实现对其的行为监管，并在此基础上探讨保荐人的职责期限与其制度保障。

ChapterⅤ. It expounds the meaning and characteristics of manipulating market, compares it with misrepresentation, insider trading, defrauding investors, legal stockjobbing and stabilization manipulation, analyzes the subjects of manipulating market, its subjective and objective conditions and manners of action and discusses the subjects of civil liabilities of manipulating market and the amount of compensation for loss.

第五章，在阐释操纵市场的概念和特征的基础上，对其与虚假陈述、内幕交易、欺诈客户、合法的投机行为以及安定操作相关概念进行了比较，分析了操纵市场的行为主体、主观要件和客观要件，并详尽阐释了操纵市场的行为方式，最后对操纵市场民事责任主体的认定和损害赔偿进行探讨。

There's great difference between constitution of crime elements of unjustifiable defense and other popular criminal constitution elements.

防卫过当是一种特殊的犯罪形态，其犯罪构成要件与其他普通犯罪的构成要件有很大不同。

Chapter One provides an overview of the precondiction of responsibility of international organization, and the main contents include the definitions of international organization and its relationship vis-à-vis state and the legal basis of the responsibility of international organization. Chapter Two discusses the constituting elements of the responsibility of international organization. i.e. the international wrongful act of international organization, and the attribution of the conduct attributable to international organization. Chapter Three deals with the undertaking of responsibility. It explores two aspect: the responsibility undertaken by the international organization per se and the responsibily undertaken by the member states of the international organizations. This charpter aslo provides an overview of the content of responsibility and the circumstaces precluding wrongfulness. Chapter Four deals with the Future of the responsibility of international organization. This Chapter discusses the present situation and the future of the international law of international organization responsibility, but aslo gives some discussion on the issue of the responsibility of the non-governmental organizaions.

第一章"国际组织责任的前提问题"主要内容包括国际组织的界定及其与国家在承担责任上差异以及责任的法律依据；，责任的法律依据；第二章"国际组织责任的构成要件"论述了国际组织责任的两个构成要件，即国际不法行为和行为可归责于国际组织；第三章"国际组织责任的承担"主要论述了三个方面的内容，一是在国际组织的不法行为引起责任的情况下，其成员国是否以及如何对第三方承担国际责任及责任形式，二是承担责任的内容，三是责任的免除情形；第四章"对国际组织责任法律制度的展望"主要对国际组织责任法的未来进行了简要的阐述，并且对非政府组织的法律责任问题进行了简单的展望。

In the civil procedure of many countries and districts, appealable interest is an essential requisite to raise appeal procedure.

许多国家和地区的民事诉讼中，上诉利益是上诉的诉讼要件或有效要件之一。

The big eared hedgehog, the little owl, the sand gecko, the three-toed jerboa, and every show needs a villain - saw-scale - the viper!

大耳刺猬，小猫头鹰，沙壁虎，三趾跳鼠，每场戏都需要反派角色：蝰蛇。

Plasmodiophora brassicae ; resting spores ; density gradient centrifugation of sucrose ; ultrasonic disruption

根肿；休眠孢子；蔗糖密度梯度离心；超声波破碎