股份制

We are a stock company/limited liability company.

我们是一家股份制公司/股份有限公司。

Recently, to push the reform of the joint stock system in national commercial banks, the government has helped the national commercial banks to shake off a large amount of ill loans with different policies. However, the national commercial banks still face the pressure due to the increase in both the absolute magnitude and the ratio of the ill loan.

近年来，国家为推进国有商业银行的股份制改革，通过政策帮助国有商业银行剥离了大量的不良货款，但各家国有商业银行还是面临不良货款绝对额和不良货款率双上升的压力。

Its necessary to clarify the property right and to develop multiple property right subjects by absorbing and integrating state share, personal share, public share, corporate share and foreign share.

国有商业银行的改革必须做到银企分开，明晰产权，发展多元化产权主体。股份制是现代商业银行普遍的产权形式，同时也是我国国有商业银行产权制度改革的有效实现形式。

After a study on Chinese financial practice, we find that though Chinese banking system has high cost and low efficiency, one side, Chinese security market has very low efficiency to overcome asymmetric information and has many unsolved problems in short term that brings very high additional cost, so security market is not a good system to substitute the Chinese banking system and must develop after these problems are solved, on the other hand, the cost of Chinese banking system is mainly exogenously produced, the experiences of western commercial banking practice and the joint-stock reform in some Chinese banks have proved that the efficiency of Chinese banking system can be improved. So one of our conclusions is that China should emphases on the reform and development of the banking system.

一方面，本文通过对中国证券市场的进一步分析，发现中国证券市场制度设计上存在严重不合理，短期内仍然缺乏合适的生存环境，这也导致其过去十多年的超常规发展中不仅具有低的效率，而且形成了许多短期内难以克服的缺陷，这充分表明证券市场不应成为我国金融体系短期内的重点方向，证券市场未来的进一步发展必须以这些问题和缺陷的解决为前提；另一方面，进一步的分析表明，我国银行业目前的巨大成本主要为外生，同时，对西方发达国家银行业发展和我国银行股份制改革的经验总结表明，只要在一定的条件下，银行业的效率完全可以有效提高，因而，中短期内我国应重点对银行业进行改革和发展，尤其是要加快银行业的股份制改革进程。

Stock system which should have born with the features of modern enterprise was full of the features of old ones in China , such as patentwith the characteristic of monopoly , dividend with the characteristic of feneration ,the form of"operated by merchants and supervised by government officials"with the characteristic of state-owned ,the rule of repaying country compulsorily and so on , which fully demonstrated the power of tradition .

象具有垄断性质的专利制、具有高利贷性质的官吏制、具有一定程度官营性质的官督商办、具有进贡性质的企业报效等等，无不显示传统力量的强大。从其发展方面，可以说中国的股份制一直受着双重的排挤和压制，即一方面来自官府的势力，另一方面来自帝国主义的势力。（官僚股份制企业例外，它只受来自帝国主义一方的排挤。

Part I : Retrospecting from our country"s development and capital market of publicly held company, the thesis analyzes the present situation of the stated-owned enterprises" bad benefits and great loss, and explains the negative effects which are caused by unreasonable enterprise system and the disposing pattern of social fund.

本文分四部分进行系统的论述：第一部分，通过对我国股份制企业的发展和资本市场创建历程的回顾，从企业角度对国有企业普遍存在的效益不佳，亏损严重的现状进行分析，阐述了过去不合理企业体制和社会资金配置格局给企业带来的负面影响，论述了资本市场的发展成熟必将给改革中的我国股份制企业注入生机和活力。

As the in-depth development of the socialist market economy and the advance of urbanization,house- hold contract responsibility system of land is lagging behind the situation of economic development in some rural areas;land transfer is gradually developing in the whole country,however,there are also some contra- dictions and problems;Land shareholding system is a modem system of land which is suited to the demand of China's socialist market economic development

土地股份制；农村土地制度；土地流转；随着社会主义市场经济的深入发展和城市化的推进，土地家庭承包责任制在部分地区已跟不上农村经济发展的形势；土地流转这一土地制度改革的新形式逐渐在全国发展起来，但也出现了一些矛盾和问题；土地股份制是适应我国社会主义市场经济发展要求的现代土地制度。

The accountant business accounting of farming cultivate joint stock company and Zheng of financial management method learn place share-holding system is system of property right of a kind of company.

农垦股份制企业的会计核算和财务治理方法郑学境股份制是一种企业产权制度。

And they also raise shares by publicity come into the market, fetch in overseas stratagem investors, build the basic frame of modern company's mechanics of management. Other stick system commercial bank and city commercial bank are also get-up-and-go with innovate.

行、中国工商银行都已通过财务重组和股份制改造，公开上市募集股票，引进境外战略投资者，建立了现代公司治理结构的基本框架，其它股份制商业银行和城市商业银行也在锐意改革。

Under CFI we also include a number of institutions known as cooperative banks. The expression_r cooperative bank is often used to represent a CFI that holds a banking licence, but also a number of other very disparate structures, such as: the apex of a CFI network that holds a banking licence; a joint stock anking subsidiary of an apex of a CFI network; a joint-stock bank subsidiary of n apex of a non-financial cooperative network (U.K., Swizerland); or an entire network of CFI, usually with a relatively high level of integration that holds a banking licence (Netherlands' Rabobank ).

合作金融机构也包括大量名为&合作银行&的机构，&合作银行&通常指拥有银行牌照的合作金融机构，但也包括很多其他机构实体，如：合作金融机构体系中的中央机构；合作金融机构体系的中央机构下属的股份制银行；非金融的合作社体系的中央机构下属的股份制银行；或者整个合作金融网络体系，通常这样的合作金融网络体系融合程度很高，共同拥有一个银行牌照。

Since historical times,England ,where the early inhabitants were Celts, has been conquered three times .

从有历史以来，英国，在此地早期居住的是凯尔特人，已经被征服了三次。

Bluetooth OBEX File Transfer Enables the sending and receiving of files on your phone via Bluetooth.

蓝牙OBEX文件移动允许经过蓝牙传送和接受文件。。。。