税

Currency Internationalization ; International Seignorage ; Benefits of Us Dollar's Internationalization ; Strategy of Renminbi Internationalization

货币国际化；国际铸币税；美元国际化利益；人民币国际化战略

In an overlapping generations model, there are two monetary regimes to be selected for the government:(1)"constant real deficit" regime, that is, the government decides a constant real deficit and maintain that real deficit by adjusting the supply of money;(2)"fixed growth rate of money" regime, that is, the government decides a fixed growth rate of money and maintain it by adjusting seignorage.

在世代交叠经济中，通常存在两种典型的货币政策可供政府选择：（1）"实际赤字固定"政策，即政府确定一个固定的实际赤字水平，通过调整货币供给维持实际赤字的固定水平；（2）"货币增长率固定"政策，即政府确定一个固定的货币供给增长率，通过调整铸币税维持货币增长率的固定水平。

Lastly, to counter potential inflationary consequences, the ECB could be given discretion regarding distribution of seignorage dividends resulting from issue of currency and bank reserves.

最后一点，欧洲央行可能会酌情考虑来自于印刷货币和银行储备的铸币税红利的分配。

In one hand, the liquidity preference of those nations without international currency issuance rights has reversed by the rise of their economic strength; on the other hand, the nations with international currency issuance rights have the rigid needs to release extra liquidity due to the upgraded competition for international seignorage.

一方面，不具备国际货币发行权的国家因无法获得外部融资而导致的强烈的流动性偏好已经因自身经济实力的积累发生了逆转，另一方面，掌握国际货币发行权的国家却因国际铸币税争夺的升级有着多释放流动性的刚性需要。

With the development of domestic economies, the foreign reserves of the non-international-currency- issuing nations rise sharply, pushing the liquidity preferences to reverse. And if the international-currency-issuing nations slide into recession, the best policy option will be to use the oligopolistic international currency system to compete for seignorage in order to sustain domestic economic development.

随着本国经济的发展，不掌握国际货币发行权国家的外汇储备快速增长，促使原本强烈的流动性偏好发生趋势性逆转，而此时如果掌握国际货币发行权的国家经济陷入衰退，其最佳的策略将转向利用寡头垄断型的国际货币体系来争夺国际铸币税以维持本国经济发展。

Here are different approaches for minimizing self-employment taxes.

这里有不同的做法，尽量减少自我就业税。

Application of self-produced or processed goods to produce non-VAT taxable items

将自产或者委托加工的货物用于非增值税应税项目

Article 11 Newly-built buildings for technology development and production and business with self-raised funds of enterprises in parks using domestic investments shall be levied or exempted from the construction tax (or the investment direction regulating tax) according to the national industrial policy.

第十一条内资办的开发区企业，以自筹资金新技术开发和生产经营用房，按国家产业政策确定征免建筑税。

Besides the existence, this essay also draws the conclusion that the optimal income tax function is lowers semicontinuous on a closed subset of the Hilbert space.

除了存在性，本文还得出了最优收入税函数在Hilbert空间的一个闭子集上是下半连续的结论。

I'm afraid there is a 10% tax and a 10% service charge.

恐怕还得加上10%的税和10%的服务费。

Objective To investigate the effects of interleukin-1 β converting enzyme gene on the biologic characteristics of ovarian cancer cells.

目的 探讨白细胞介素-1 β转换酶的表达，对卵巢癌细胞生物学特性的影响。

Campylobacter: This illness is the most commonly identified cause of diarrheal illness in the world.

弯曲：这种病是最常见的原因查明腹泻病，在世界上。