生而具有

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

The results showed that methamidophos inhibited the growth and activity of bacteria, Actinomyces and Azotobacter at different degree, but stimulated the growth of fungi; the results also showed that soil respiration and ammonification was stimulated, however, soil nitrogen fixation, nitrification and Fe－reduction was inhibited.

结果表明，甲胺磷对细菌、放线菌和固氮菌群的生长具有不同程度的抑制作用，而对真菌却有一定的刺激效应；土壤的呼吸作用、氨化作用增强，自生固氮能力、硝化作用以及铁离子价数转换作用减弱。

It lied in all kinds of soil and air. B.t had strong insectcidal ability ,and it could kill a lot of creatures of Arthropoda, Protozoa, Nemathelminthes and Platyhelminthes.B.t was the most comprehensive microorganism being used in biotic pesticide.

该病原广泛存在于各种土壤及空气中，具有很强的杀虫活性，至少能杀死节肢动物门九个目及原生动物门、线形动物门和扁形动物门中的多种动物，而对人、畜、哺乳动物及天敌等无害，因此，B.t是生防工业中应用最广泛的微生物。

But this is not to say that pan-Asian ethnicity is devoid of culture and sentiment. On the contrary, while panethnic groups may be circumstantially created, they are not circumstantially sustained (see Cornell 1988b). Once established, the panethnic group – through its institutions, leaders, and networks - produces and transforms panethnic culture and consciousness.

即便如此，这并不表示泛亚族裔性这个概念不具有文化意涵和情感，相反的，当泛族裔团体在某些状况下顺势而生时，虽不见得就能从此延续（见Cornell 1988b），但一旦成立，这些泛族裔团体会透过制度、领导者和人脉来衍生与转变泛族裔的文化与意识。

Emersonian Transcendentalism is actually a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism, with its focus on the intuitive knowledge of human beings to grasp the absolute in the universe and the divinity of man.

爱默生的超验主义实际上是在吸收美国清教思想，强调人类具有本能的掌握宇宙绝对真理和人的神性而形成的一个哲学流派。

Clinical manifestations are soreness on epigastric region, decreased appetite, distention after meal and eructation. It belongs to "epigastric pain" and "Stomach Pi syndrome" in TCM with characteristics of repetition and pertinacity. In 1978, WHO listed chronic atrophic gastritis as precancerous lesions of gastric cancer because its complications of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia are closely related to gastric cancer. This has been a research focus in clinical practice and pathology for years.

临床主要表现为上腹隐痛、食欲减退、食后饱胀、嗳气等，属中医学"胃脘痛"、"胃痞"等范畴，具有反覆发作、迁延难愈的特性。1978年WHO将慢性萎缩性胃炎列为胃癌的癌前状态，而在其基础上伴发的肠上皮化生(Intestinal metaplasia，IM)和域异型增生(DYSplasia， DYS)，则与胃癌的发生关系密切，被视为癌前病变(Precacerous lesions Of gastric cancer， PLGC)多年来始终是临床及病理学研究的重点。

Conventional forest breeding is constrained by its long reproductive cycle, which includes long juvenile period, and by its complex reproductive characteristics, such as self-incompatibility and a high degree of heterozygosis. Gene transformation has played an important role in woody plant improvement, which can shorten breeding period and breed varieties with high salt tolerance.

随着分子生物学技术的发展，从盐生植物中分离出抗盐基因，导入林木，获得抗盐品种；况且林木由于其较长的幼年期，常规育种有明显的局限性，而通过转基因可以在较短时间内获得高抗盐品种，缩短育种周期，因此开展林木抗盐育种具有重要的意义。

In the higher dimension, there are a great variety of sigularities along different curve, curved surface, hypersurface besides point sigularities.

而多维地震子波是不可分离变量的，因此，对高维观测信号的描述，就应该考虑信号自生的特征，选择具有相应数学分布的子波。

The macroscopic rheological parameters and microstructure parameters were closely related, it is helpful to explain the essence of multiple rheological properties through the analysis of which the wax evolution process and microstructure of the crude oil which is waxy and high viscosity; the yield time of gelled waxy crude oil monotone increases along with the decreasing of rate of shear (the time of stress effect prolonged), there was power function relationship between them, it can be expressed with ; when adding diesel oil to Sudan crude oil, dilute proportion bigger the eccentricity degree of paraffin particles were bigger too, that was to say the symmetry of wax crystal was better, the wax crystal form fabric more hardly when the intermolecular interaction was smaller; in the light of macroscopica, the fall extent of the abnormity temperature, solidifying point and viscosity could be larger along with the accretion of dilute proportion, as a result, it's rheological properties could be improved.

SD原油析蜡点为94℃，析蜡高峰为50～30℃，异常点为40℃；其蜡晶颗粒细小、对称性差，所以具有较大的比表面能，容易形成联生、联锁结构；损耗角曲线与储能模量曲线或损耗模量曲线的交点所对应的温度与原油凝点或倾点温度非常接近，大约在39℃左右；也就是说，含蜡原油粘弹特性曲线的交点可以表征其流动性；原油宏观流变参数与微观结构参数密切相关，原油析蜡过程及蜡晶微观结构分析有助于诠释易凝高粘原油多重流变特性的本质；胶凝含蜡原油的屈服时间随剪切速率的降低而单调增加，二者显然存在幂函数关系，可用关系式描述；当SD原油加柴油稀释处理时，稀释比越高，蜡晶颗粒的偏心度也越大，亦即蜡晶对称性越好，分子间作用力越小，蜡晶颗粒越不易形成结构，宏观表现为异常点、凝点及表观粘度等流变参数下降的幅度越大，流动性越好。

During the heat pressing, the surface of PE forms different surface topographies because of different substrate materials.

而聚乙烯在热压过程中，其表面会由于不同的基底材料而形成不同的附生结晶层，从而具有不同的表面形貌。

Since historical times,England ,where the early inhabitants were Celts, has been conquered three times .

从有历史以来，英国，在此地早期居住的是凯尔特人，已经被征服了三次。

Bluetooth OBEX File Transfer Enables the sending and receiving of files on your phone via Bluetooth.

蓝牙OBEX文件移动允许经过蓝牙传送和接受文件。。。。