片段

Pneumoniae FH strain was cloned and the sequence was analysed by M13 DNA sequencing method. Comparing the PCR product sequcence with MP M-129 strain P1 gene, we found that there are 4 bases different. This may result from the different MP DNA templates. The maximum homology is 98.8%. The result confirmed the fidelity and specificity of the amplified target DNA segment by PCP, and suggested that two categories of MP P1 gene still exist a few differences even in the conservation region. The cloning MP DNA segment was labelled by random hexanucleotide priming, after hybridization, the probe detection was completed using an anti-digoxigenin antibody alkaline phosphatase conjugate, and the substrates 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate and nitro blue tetrazolium. This hybridization system is much superior to the radioactive probe hybridization, because it is safe, easy to handle and has no limitation of decay time. The time required for colormetic detection is also much less than the corresponding autoradiographic exposure time needed to achieve similar detection limits with 32P-labelled probes. The Dig-probes could be used repeatedly, and this made them not only much convenient to use, but also lower the cost, and worthwhile to be used popularly.

将PCR产物进行重组，并将阳性重组质粒，应用M13测序系统对产物进行DNA序列分析，并与MPM-129株P1基因核苷酸进行同源性比较，发现有4个位置的碱基发生了变化，其同源性为98.8％，证实了PCR所扩增DNA片段的准确性和特异性，同时也证实了不同MP组型的P1基因即使在保守区也存在着一定的差异，将克隆的目的DNA片段用异羟基洋地黄毒苷配基用随机引物法标记制备MP DNA探针，杂交后用碱性磷酸酶标记的抗Dig多克隆抗体与杂交体反应，再用BCIP和NBT呈色，制备MP DNA探针，鉴定所扩增片段的特异性，与同位素探针比较，Dig探针不受半衰期限制，可反复使用，而且价格低廉，值得推广使用。

The genetic DNA was extracted from the blood of 6 A. forsteri which sex was unknown. The PCR amplified fragments with primers P2/P8 were cloned in T-Vector. Taking homologous sequence of Circaetus gallicus as reference, the CHD gene sequence was compared to the homologues in GenBank to identify its sex.

方法］采用苯酚：氯仿抽提法提取6只未知性别的帝企鹅血液中的基因组DNA，运用P2/P8引物扩增CHD基因片段，将PCR产物克隆到T-Vector，利用NCBI的Blast程序，以短趾鹰同源序列为比对参照，将帝企鹅CHD基因片段序列与GenBank中的基因片段序列进行同源性比较分析，鉴定帝企鹅的性别。

The DNA fragmentation of contusive tissuein rat presented a ladder break in electrophoresis after 6 hours. Thedegree and length of DNA fragmentation changed with injury time butwithout linear relationship.

大鼠脑挫伤组织DNA片段化6h以后出现梯状谱带，DNA片段化程度和片段大小随损伤时间而变化，但无明显线性关系。

It is expected that hyg would be integrated stablely into the chromosome along with insert while spc/str would be lost during the second cross-over. Gene replacement through these two flanking sequences will result in the susceptibility of the transformants to phage φHAU3, which provides an enrichment for desired transformants by counterselection.

预期在携带有大插入片段的基因置换YAC分子进入野生型变铅青链霉菌后，YAC分子将通过1.4kb或1.0kb片段与染色体发生同源单交换，继而发生同源双交换，hyg连同大插入片段一起稳定地整合到染色体上，而spc／str丢失，从而导致菌株Hyg〓Str〓的表型。

Japonicus used in this experimentation is matemal inheritance.5 Sequence analysis of mitochondrial 16S rRNA and COI gene and molecular phylogeny of four species of sea cucumber500 bp 16S rRNA and 540 bp COI fragment were obtained by PCR method from mitochondrial DNA of four species of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, Holothuria fuscogilva, Cucumaria frondosa and Mensamaria intercedens. Variable sites, nucleotide diversity, average number of nucleotide differences and average number of nucleotide substitutions per site were calculated to analyze sequence difference, and phylogenetic trees were constructed by the NJ and ME method.

结果显示在来自这5组家系的100个后代中仅检测到母本的单倍型，刺参的线粒体遗传模式表现为典型的母系遗传。5 4种海参16S rRNA和COI基因片段序列比较及系统学研究采用PCR技术对山东荣成、长岛、俄罗斯和日本的刺参，黄乳海参，北大西洋瓜参，二色桌片参的16S rRNA和COI基因片段进行了扩增和测序，分别得到了长度约为500 bp和540 bp的片段。

By PCR amplifying and sequencing four fragments of 400bp, 550bp, 400bp and 650bp were obtained respectively from ITS-1, 16sRNA, Cytb and Col gene of Engraulis japonicus from Huanghai and Donghai sea areas of China.

通过PCR扩增和序列测定等技术，对分布于黄、东海海域的鳀鱼的ITS-1基因片段及线粒体DNA的16S rRNA、Cytb和CoI基因片段进行初步的研究，分别得到大小约为400bp、550bp、400bp和650bp的片段。

Homology modeling of 3-D structure of two AChE from L.entomophila were constructed using H.sapiens(1p0i:A) native BuChE structure and Drosophila melanogaster(1d×4:A) native AChE structure as templates,respectively,by SWISS-MODEL.The catalytic triad were found and denoted in the 3-D structure of AChE from L. entomophila referring to T.californica.2.2 Gene cloning ofβ-actin and mRNA expression levels of two AChE genes from L. entomophilaBecause no reference gene has ever been used in Real Time PCR for L.entomophila in GeneBank,a fragment ofβ-actin gene was cloned from L.entomophila(GenBank Accession No.: FJ041117).It consists of 822 bp encoding a protein of 273 amino acids residues.

利用蛋白质结构同源建模工具，分别以人丁酰胆碱酯酶(1p0i：A)和果蝇乙酰胆碱酯酶(1d×4：A)的蛋白晶体结构为模板，对嗜虫书虱2个AChE的三维结构进行同源建模，并在三维结构中发现了AChE的酶解活性位点，证明嗜虫书虱体内也存在2个AChE基因。2.2嗜虫书虱β-actin基因克隆及乙酰胆碱酯酶基因mRNA表达水平研究目前关于嗜虫书虱的分子生物学研究较少，在GenBank中没有可用作内参基因的序列，因此本研究从嗜虫书虱体内克隆获得β—actin基因片段(GenBank登录号：FJ041117)，该片段长度为822 bp，编码273个氨基酸残基，同源性比对分析表明该片段与其它昆虫的β—actin基因具有很高的同源性。

It has been reported that NDP kinase has weak interaction with Hsp70, which can increase the ATP hydrolysis activity, so we carefully examined the possibility of NDP kinase contamination in the experiment. The equimolar mixture of NDP kinase and Hsp70 were digested and then 44-kD fragment was purified.

为获得准确的结论排除NDP激酶可能对实验的影响，按照纯化Hsp70 44-kD片段的方法对等物质量NDP激酶和Hsp70混合物进行酶切、纯化，检测得到的44-kD片段的ATP-ADP转换活性，确定Hsp70 ATP-ADP转换活性是Hsp70自身固有的，位于其N端44-kD片段处。

A gene sequence of the anthropogenic adiponectin spherical fragment obtained by the invention absolutely accords with a known gene sequence, and compared with the full-length adiponectin, the hydrolyzed anthropogenic adiponectin spherical fragment has stronger biological activity, fast reaction after dosage, good bioavailability and better clinic application prospect, especially when the diabetes patient receives a recanalization treatment after a myocardial infarction, the anemically myocardial damage of the diabetes patients can be eased by the exogenetic dosage.

本发明公开了一种人源性脂联素球状片段用于治疗糖尿病缺血性心脏病药物的应用，本发明所得到的脂联素球状片段的基因序列与已知的基因序列完全相符，与全长的脂联素相比，其水解以后的脂联素球状片段有着更强的生物学活性，而且给药后反应迅速，生物利用度好，有着更好的临床应用前景，特别是对糖尿病患者在发生心肌梗死后接受血管再通治疗时，通过外源性给药，以减轻糖尿病患者缺血心肌损伤。

The sequence of amino acid of clone CR271 was highly homologic (61% identify and 76% similarity) to blight resistance gene Xal of rice to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae. All other fragments showed significantly amino acidhomology to the NBS-LRR type resistance gene that have been cloned. The length of JR2 and JR3 fragments were 1321bp and 896bp respectively, which did not showed significantly homology on the level of amino acid and nucleotide acid to the sequences that have been known.

其中CR271与水稻白叶枯病抗病基因Xa1(AB002266)氨基酸同源性有61％相同，76％相似，其它片段与已克隆的NBS-LRR类抗病基因同源片段都具有较高的同源性；所获得的右翼序列JR2DNA片段长为1321bp，JR3DNA片段长为896bp，此两片段在核苷酸水平及氨基酸水平上均未找到有显著同源的序列。

We will see more and more activist government policies that distinguish economic activities according to the nationality of the actors.

我们将看到越来越多激进的政府政策，这些政策根据企业的国籍来区分经济活动。

If we can prove the independence of an axiomatic system, then we can guarantee the conciseness of this system, ie.

如果能够证明某个一阶谓词系统的独立性，那么就能够保证该系统的建立是精炼的，即没有任何一条公理或推理规则是多余的。