法线

Calculate local up vector from right vector and normal value.

根据局部空间向右的矢量和法线矢量计算局部空间向上的矢量。

According to the different orientations of domain walls with respect to the (100) observation plane of a foil, 90°domain boundaries may be divided into two kinds. one is thin lens or ring shaped a-a 90°domain boundary, and the domain wall lies on the {110} plane; Usually, most of these domain boundaries are uncharged; according to the extinction rules for the (011) domain walls, the displacement vector 〓 along 〓 can be dertermined, which is parallel to the line of intersection between the domain wall and the plane consisting of spontaneous polarization vectors on both sides of domain boundary; from selected area electon diffraction of crystals including domain boundary, we not only examine slight difference in the crystal parts on both sides of the domain boundary, but also obtain crystallographic relationship between them, that is, there exists a 180°rotation symmetry operator along a normal of domain wall. The other is Z or ring shaped a-c 90°domain boundary along {010} direction, and the displacement vector 〓 runs along 〓 direction.

根据界面相对于样品中(100)观测面取向的不同，90°畴可分为两类：一类为薄透镜片状或环状的a-a90°畴，其界面平行于{110}，多数不带电，由消光规律可确定其位移矢量平行于畴界面与自发极化所在平面的交迹，即，〓方向，而从包含畴界的选区电子衍射图可知，这种不带电的90°畴界两侧存在微小的取向差，其界面两侧的结晶学关系为以界面法线为二次轴的旋转关系；另一类为Z状或环状的a-c90°畴，其界面平行于[010]或[001]，相应的位移矢量为〓方向。

The karst caves could be accurately detected only when the boundary of the karst caves has a horizontal extension, as well as the interface of the karst caves is single plane and the normal direction is parallel or small angle intersection (0°~45°) with tunnel axis.

只有溶洞的边界有一定的横向延伸性，溶洞界面呈非常明显的单一平面特征，其法线方向与隧道轴线平行或以较小的角度相交(0°~45°)，溶洞才能被准确探测。

For this reason, the expression values are also passed though a bump map to perturb the surface normals.

因为这个原因，表达式数值也能传递给一个凹凸贴图，去扰乱表面法线。

One of them is that your low poly model needs to conform well to your high poly mesh.

烘焙一个好的法线贴图需要几个要求：一个是你的低模需要很好的匹配你的高模。

Then, based on the mean curvature, Gaussian curvature and the function of principal curvature, the minimal loci of the principal normal surfaces of curves, the curves with constant Gaussian curvature and the two curves of which the ratio of their functions is constant can all be obtained, as well as the properties of geodesic curve and lumbar curve.

再根据平均曲率、高斯曲率及主曲率函数，能得到曲线的主法线曲面的极小轨迹、常高斯曲率曲线及两个主曲率函数之比为常数的曲线。还给出曲面上测地线和腰曲线的性质。

The correlation among all these parameters of four different types of wear debris is conducted. In the analysis of surface texture, the maximum and minimum brightness point in texture normal line is examined firstly. Then, the differences among some typical wear particles are analyzed through analyzing the texture gray level co-occurrence Matrix, color principal component analysis of the wear particle and the direction of wear particle outline.

在磨粒表面纹理分析中，通过检测磨粒表面纹理法线上亮度极小、极大值的纹理分析方法分析了滑动磨粒与疲劳磨粒差别，通过灰度共生矩阵进行纹理分析四种不同类型的磨粒图像，通过主成分分析分析方法对磨粒颜色特征进行识别，以及根据磨粒轮廓方向判断磁性磨粒和非磁性磨粒。

You choose zx plane, the PRINCIPAL NORMAL is Y The first vector H is defined as follow : H= Z x N. N is the normal vector y in our case. H =-X. The second vector V is defined as V = N x H.

如果你选中zx平面，则主法线方向为y 第一个矢量H如此定义：H=ZxNx为矢量乘积注：遵循右手定则），在我们这个例子中N就是y，H=-X 第二个矢量V定义为V=NxH。

Based on the variational principle of virtual voltage and virtual displacement derived in this thesis and the classical theory of linear laminated plates, and by using the constitutive equations of elastic piezoelectric materials, and the DKQ quadrilateral plate bending element, the finite element modeling for the fabric reinforced laminated plates with nonlinear voltage-electric strain relationship of piezoelectric actuators has been established for the first time in this thesis. And the expressions for the electric loadings with obvious mechanical meaning and convenient for computation are established, which can be used to the deformation analysis of laminated plates with piezoelectric actuators under specified voltages.

以本文直接导出的压电结构的虚电势—虚位移变分原理为基础，依据经典线性层合板理论和压电弹性体的本构方程，采用基于离散法线假设的DKQ四结点任意四边形薄板弯曲单元，首次建立了考虑非线性电压—电应变关系的含压电致动器的纤维增强型层合板的有限元分析模型，并推导建立了力学意义明确、便于计算的电荷载表达式，可用于指定电压条件下纤维增强型叠层合成板的变形分析。

Based on traditional balanced cross section in pure geometry, we put forward a method of physical balanced cross section that has two basic principles: normal direction conservation and deform matching.

作者在纯几何学方法的平衡剖面技术的基础上，着重考虑了岩石变形的物理规律，并根据岩石变形机理和物质守恒原理，提出了以法线不变原则和变形匹配原则为基础的物理平衡剖面法，实现了复杂的原始地质构造剖面的自动化恢复。

The big eared hedgehog, the little owl, the sand gecko, the three-toed jerboa, and every show needs a villain - saw-scale - the viper!

大耳刺猬，小猫头鹰，沙壁虎，三趾跳鼠，每场戏都需要反派角色：蝰蛇。

Plasmodiophora brassicae ; resting spores ; density gradient centrifugation of sucrose ; ultrasonic disruption

根肿；休眠孢子；蔗糖密度梯度离心；超声波破碎