法律

"Applicable Law" means any national, federal, state or local law, statuute, rule, regulation, ordinance, order, decree, directive, requirement, code, notice or rule of common law, now or in the future in effect, and in each case as amended or re-enacted from time to time, and legislation supplemental to it, and any judicial or administrative interpretation of it by a Governmental Authority or otherwise, including any judicial or administrative order, determination, consent, decree or judgment applicable to or having jurisdiction over, as the context requires, XXXXXXXX and "Applicable Laws" shall be construed accordingly

"适用法律"是指任何现在或将来有效的国家、联邦、州或当地的法律、法规、法则、规定、条例、法令、政令、指示、要求、法典、通知或普通法的规定，和在一段时期内修改的、重新颁布实施的、立法补充的、政府机构作出的任何司法或行政的解释，或包括其它任何司法或行政的命令、决定、同意、法令或，将按照上文的规定，适用于或对于XXXXXXX，具有管辖权的判决；而"该等适用法律"将须据此解释；总觉得"适用法律"的翻译很是别扭！"适用法律"是动词词组，而applicable law则是名词词组！cnki 则有三种译法：准据法，法律适用，适用法律

Nor does a single legal norm lose its validity if it is only exceptionally not effective in single cases. On the other hand, a legal norm may lose its validity by never obeyed, applied or executed – by so-called desuetude or permanently unexecuted.

当整个法律秩序失去实效时，这个法律秩序和每个单个的法律规范也就失去了效力；当一个单个的法律规范失去实效的时候，整个法律秩序并不失去效力；如果单个的法律规范只是作为例外在个别情况下失去实效，那么这个规范并不失去效力；如果单个的法律规范永久失去实效，即它从未被遵守、适用或者执行，它会因废弃或永久不被执行而失去效力。

The validity of sumption depends on the relation that sumption agrees with minor premise, when the new or difficult case that has not stated by legal regulation appears in the legal practice, legal principle can be used as legal criterion, the legal criterion as sumption constitutes of legal regulation and legal principle.

大前提的有效性取决于它与小前提的契合关系。当法律实践中出现法律规则没有规定的新型案件或疑难案件时，法律原则也可以当作法律规范适用，作为大前提的法律规范是由法律规则和法律原则组成的。

First, to some extent, the primitiveness of lawin new dimension brings about the renaissance of the law of human sociology. Secondly, the revival of belief in law enhances the efficacy and vitality of law in a democratic and natural sense.

首先，法律的原始性使现代法律制度在某种程度上恢复了法律人类学的法律观；其次，法律信仰的重构，从民主和自然的途径克服了法律的现代性，从而加强了法律的实效性和生命力。

Legal interpretation needs the participation of the legal profession community. The different number of legal profession community has different interpretation, which must be taken into account by judge, and the judge and the legal profession community realize the mutual remodification, thus the legal profession community becomes another restriction.

法律解释活动是在法律职业共同体的共同参加下完成的，法律职业共同体不同成员的解释必然不同，但他们的解释意见法官必须考虑，并通过法律论证实现法官与法律职业共同体的互动，法律职业共同体成为法官行使法律解释权的又一个限制。

Defining the problem. Firstly, two important concepts------judicialreasoning and the explanation of law ------are introduced. After that,law-applying process is examined by way of syllogistic argument. Hence, the work of this paper is determined: to analyze the law-applying process on 3 phrases cognizanting of the facts, interpreting of law and making judicial judgment; to define the mission of Logic concerning the difficulties of AI in Law System, and therefore to introduce my understanding of the main task of logic in 21st Century: problematic reasoning.

首先解释了本文所使用的两个重要概念：法律推理和法律解释，而后以三段论的方式考察了法律适用的过程，最后说明本文所要作的工作：在事实认定，法律解释，司法判决三个阶段上以逻辑的手段分析法律适用是如何进行的；逻辑和法律的新的契合点——人工智能法律系统所面临的困境给逻辑学规定了什么样的任务，并由此提出我所理解的逻辑学在21世纪的研究重点：或然性推理。

Then there ought to be a viable method and way,researching consideration and cause contrastingly in aspect of Legal transaction and deducing character of legal transaction from consideration and cause.

所谓法律交易，是指以一定意思表示指向特定法律后果的行为，简单地说，是意欲获得一定法律后果的行为。而法律行为则是说根据法律规定必然产生一定法律后果，无论交易行为人是否有获此法律后果的意思指向。

The validity of sumption depends on the relation that sumption agrees with minor premise,when the new or difficult case that has not stated by legal regulatio...

当法律实践中出现法律规则没有规定的新型案件或疑难案件时，法律原则也可以当作法律规范适用，作为大前提的法律规范是由法律规则和法律原则组成的。

The author first discusses the consistency of spiritual pursuit in law and literature, and then sums up the points under discussion in the two works: Antigone and The Merchant of Venice. The author points out that law spirit of the realistic pursuit includes conventionalizing of the pursuit of justice while justice in literature is interpreted from a new, poetic and ideal perspective.

在此部分讨论中，首先探讨了文学与法律对法律精神的正义核心价值追求的一致性，其次对第二章中《安提戈涅》和《威尼斯商人》两部作品所论述的问题进行梳理总结，指出文学与法律两种视角下对法律精神解读的差异，最后以正义价值为归结，指出现实法律追求的法律精神包括对正义的追求被世俗化，而文学具有诗性的理想正义给予了法律精神重新审视。

VII. And whereas also by authority of parliament, in the five-and-twentieth year of the reign of King Edward III, it is declared and enacted, that no man shall be forejudged of life or limb against the form of the Great Charter and the law of the land; and by the said Great Charter and other the laws and statutes of this your realm, no man ought to be adjudged to death but by the laws established in this your realm, either by the customs of the same realm, or by acts of parliament;and whereas no offender of what kind soever is exempted from the proceedings to be used, and punishments to be inflicted by the laws and statutes of this your realm; nevertheless of late time divers commissions under your Majesty's great seal have issued forth, by which certain persons have been assigned and appointed commissioners with power and authority to proceed within the land, according to the justice of martial law, against such soldiers or mariners, or other dissolute persons joining with them, as should commit any murder, robbery, felony, mutiny, or other outrage or misdemeanor whatsoever, and by such summary course and order as is agreeable to martial law, and is used in armies in time of war, to proceed to the trial and condemnation of such offenders, and them to cause to be executed and put to death according to the law martial.

鉴于在爱德华国王三世统治的第二十五年，通过国会的权力宣称和颁布：不得违背大宪章和世上法律的形式，未经审判而处置任何人的生命和肢体；又据大宪章和其它王国内的法律和条令，除依本王国已确定之法律或习俗或国会法案，任何人不得被判处死刑；无论何种罪人，都不得被剥夺接受诉讼程序的权利，也不得免除王国内的法律和条令施加的惩罚；然而近来，若干国王委托函签发，据此指定某些人担当代理人在王国内行使权力，根据军事法律的审判，对这样的海陆军士兵或其他加入他们的放肆人等，连同谋杀，抢劫，重罪，叛变，或其它暴行或轻罪，一律通过如在战争时期军队中使用的军事法律一样的简略的程序和规则，来审理和判决这些罪人，并依据军事法律处以死刑。

I smile at your play with that little bit of a broken twig.

我微笑着看你玩那一段小小的树枝。

They may be produced for almost any shaft angle.

他们可能在制作中几乎任何一个轴角。