水准

In this thesis, the basic theory and methods for the determination of geoid is introduced. Then the main error sources for the determination of geoid are analyzed and the error transmission formulas are given.

本文简要介绍了确定大地水准面的基本原理和常用方法，并对影响大地水准面精度主要误差源进行了分析，给出了误差传播的计算公式。

The new geoid can provide an alternative and cost-effective method to third order levelling specifications and for many scientific applications.

新的大地水准面能提供一种可选且有成本效益的第三类大地水准面规范，它可用于许多的科学研究。

Annex, point 3, para Actions under the safeguard provisions in Article 6 of shall not apply to: developing country Members' exports of handloom fabrics of the cottage industry, or hand-made cottage industry products made of such handloom fabrics, or traditional folklore handicraft textile and clothing products, provided that such products are properly certified under arrangements established between the Members concerned.

各会员部长咸认由於乌拉圭回合之结果，部分开发中国家就正常水准之商业性输入可能面临资金上之短期困难，并认此等国家应得在其改革之过程中，依现有体系或另外设立之体系，向国际金融机构获取资源，以因应此等资金上之困难。当适当的检验或防检疫保护水准容许阶段性地引进新的检验或防检疫措施时，对利益攸关的产品，宜给予开发中会员较长的遵循缓冲时程，俾维持其出口机会。产羊毛之开发中国家会员，如其经济及纺织品成衣贸易主要依赖羊毛工业，主要出口项目为羊毛制品，且其纺织品及成衣贸易量於进口会员占相当小之比重，应於订定配额数量、成长率及弹性条款时，就其出口需求，给予特殊考虑

Then we can research the relationship between topography-isostatsy compensation gravity and geoid and order and degree of spherical harmonic series, and discuss the characters of topography-isostatsy compensation gravity and geoid.

由此我们可以研究地形—均衡补偿重力、大地水准面异常与球谐级数阶次的关系，以及不同波长地形荷载与岩石圈挠曲补偿的关系，探讨地形—均衡补偿重力、大地水准面的频谱特性。

Geodetic leveling should be done with staves in which the divisions are marked on a strip of invar.

大地水准测量必须使用刻度标于不胀钢片上的水准标尺。

Geodetic levelling should be done with staves in which the divisions are marked on a strip of invar.

大地水准测量必须使用分划刻在因瓦带上的水准标尺。

They are also compared to GPS/Levelling differences.

结果表明大地水准面和似大地水准面之间的差异是应该严格区别的。

In general the accuracy of geoidal heights, as given by spirit levelling, much exceeds that of any other system.

一般说来，水准测量测出的大地水准面高程的精度，远远超过任何其它方法的精度。

We found that the mean square error of difference value between GPS monitoring deformation and the second-order leveling surveying deformation is less than 1 mm, and there is a smaller systematic error between the ellipsoidal height deformation and the second-order leveling deformation ,whose value is about 0.5~1 mm; however, this system error does not affect the outcome of vertical deformation monitoring.

结果 得到的GPS监测变形量与水准测量变形量差值中误差＜1 mm，且GPS所测大地高变形量与二等水准测得的变形量间存在一个较小的系统偏差，其值在0.5~1 mm之间，该系统偏差不影响垂向变形监测的结果。

In this paper, firstly, the new combined error model of cumulative geoid height influenced by three error sources including the inter-satellite range-rate of K-band ranging system, orbital position of GPS receiver and non-conservative force of accelerometer from GRACE satellites is established using the semi-analytical method. Secondly, the dependability of error models is demonstrated based on matching relationship among the accuracy indexes of key payloads. Finally, the accuracy of global gravitational field up to degree and order 120 is effectively and rapidly estimated from GRACE Level 1B measured observation errors of the year 2006 publicized by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the USA, and the cumulative geoid height error is 18.368 cm at degree 120, which preferably accords with the Earth's gravitational field model EIGEN-GRACE02S provided by the GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam in Germany.

首先基于半解析法建立了新的GRACE卫星K波段测量系统星间测速、GPS接收机轨道位置和加速度计非保守力误差联合影响累计大地水准面的误差模型；其次，基于各关键载荷精度指标的匹配关系，论证了误差模型的可靠性；最后，基于美国喷气动力实验室公布的2006年的GRACE Level 1B实测误差数据，有效和快速地估计了120阶全球重力场的精度，在120阶处累计大地水准面的精度为18.368 cm，其结果和德国地学研究中心公布的EIGEN-GRACE02S全球重力场模型符合较好。

He is the most remarkable man that I have ever known.

他是我知道的人中最值得注意的人。

Increased appearance of lymphocele was noticed in patients with diabetic nephropathy, congenital malformations of the urinary tract, and inflammatory diseases, including glomerulopathy and extraglomerular ones, after high-voltage radiotherapy and after removal of the renal graft.

经过高压放射疗法和切除移植肾后，在糖尿病肾病患者、泌尿系统先天性畸形患者和炎症患者身上发现淋巴囊肿有所增加，包括肾小球病和球外疾病等。