有效面积

For biogenic VOC modeling, emission factors, vegetation biomass and leaf area index were determined for 37 vegetation types. The widely accepted algorithm of Guenther et al.(1993), describing the relationship between light, temperature and the VOC emissions, was adopted. A new canopy model was established to simulate photosynthetically active radiation and leaf temperature within the canopy.

对于VOC生态源模式，确定了37种植被的VOC排放因子、生物量和叶面积指数；采用了相对成熟的关于VOC排放强度和光合有效辐射、叶面温度的依赖关系；建立了一个新的植被冠层模式以模拟冠层内PAR和叶面温度的变化。

In this review, I discussthe physical principles behind the PISA method, along with thevarious mathematical formulas used to calculate the effectivemitral regurgitant orifice area, the regurgitant volume, andthe regurgitant fraction.

在本综述中，我讨论了 PISA 方法后面的物理学原理以及用于计算有效二尖瓣返流口的面积、返流量和返流分数的各种数学公式。

The accuracy of predicting severe mitral reguritation was 95.7 % when effective mitral regurgitant area was equal and over 30mm〓.

以有效返流口面积≥30mm〓预报重度二尖瓣返流的准确度为95.7％。

Mitral regurgitation was greatly reduced in the bromocriptine group, whose mean effective regurgitant orifice on blinded echocardiography dropped from 0.45 cm2 at baseline to 0.11 cm2, compared with 0.34 cm2 in controls.

溴隐亭组患者的二尖瓣返流明显减少，经盲法处理的超声心动图检查结果提示，平均有效返流瓣口面积从基线的0.45 cm2降至0.11 cm2，而对照组为0.34 cm2。

Flow convergence regurgitant volumes and fractions were calculated by using the hemispherical flow convergence equation with 81, 71, 58, 46, 37 and 29cm/sec aliasing limit velocities, and the effective regurgitant areas were calculated with 58, 46 and 37cm/sec aliasing velocities.

按半球血流会聚公式分别计算混叠极限为81、71、58、46、37和29cm/sec时返流量、返流分数(返流量/二尖瓣口流入量)及混叠极限为58、46和37cm/sec时有效返流口面积(返流量/返流速度时间积分)。

Relative to nitrogen topdressing in prophase, it mainly due to retroposition can provide nutrients for the wheat during flowering and grouting. Another way, it can help slow down the decline in leaf area and leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate during later stage, to meet the nutritional requirements during developmental stage of grains.

结合以往试验结论，本试验推断认为由于追氮时期后移既有利于开花和灌浆阶段养分的需要，同时有利于延缓小麦生长后期有效叶面积、叶绿素含量和光合速率的急剧下降，从一定程度上满足籽粒发育阶段的营养所需。

The theoretic results show that retroreflective intensity increases gradually with accretion of refractive index when refractive index is less than two, but decreases when refractive index is great than two.

研究结果表明，折射率增大，折射率小于2时，回向反射性能逐渐增强，相反，在折射率大于2时，回向反射性能减弱；反射层面积的大小会影响入射光线的完整回向反射过程；最后定义了有效回向反射角度，并给出了玻璃微珠在激光照射下的二维回向反射光照度分布。

Ocular surface reconstruction was successful in 22 of 24 eyes with severe symblepharon ,but two eyes of them recurrented three months later with less than pre-transplantation in degree.conclusion: the transplantation with fresh aminiotic membrance transplantation is an effective and simple theraputic method for the pterygium and symblepharon .

翼状胬肉患者除3只眼2月后复发外，其余全部均一次性治愈；严重睑球粘连24眼中，22只眼恢复了眼球的运动功能，2只眼术后3个月再次发生睑球粘连，但粘连面积较术前明显减小。结论：新鲜羊膜移植是治疗翼状胬肉及睑球粘连的有效方法。

Through consolidating the lands rationally and scientifically, the effective areas of cultivated lands can be obviously increased, and the qualities of the lands can be improved. The method can accelerate the land use at the level of intensivism, and realize the dynamic equilibrium of total cultivated land at last. Simultaneously, the method also can relieve the contradictions between people and lands, and improve the conditions of agricultural production and ecological environment. It can ensure the sustainable use of land recourses and make a full satisfaction for the demanding of land recourses on the social and economic development

同时对我国当前农村土地开发整理的模式进行了论证，通过对土地科学合理的整理，不但能增加有效耕地面积，提高土地质量，促进土地集约利用，实现耕地总量动态平衡，同时还可以缓解人地矛盾，改善农业生产条件与生态环境，保证土地资源的持续利用，满足社会经济发展对土地资源的需求。

The result pointed out that the vertical distribution of foliage for each species was different,however,generally speaking,the foliage in upper crown (0.3CL) for broad-leaved species in natural secondary forest took a small percentage,about 10%;in middle or middle lower of the crown(0.4CL to 0.8CL) the branches here took the majority percentage of whole foliage,almost 60%to 75%;but in lower crown(0.8CL),there was about 10%of whole foliage.(5)The interspecies competition of trees in secondary forest was expressed by Hegyi competitioin index,and the active competitor was calculated by the competition zone radius and the tree position,DBH,and distance in the zone,it was not all competitors in tranditional calculation.The study introduced crown area overlap index to describe the crown competition between subject tree and its competitors,furthermore,the crown area was classified into 5 levels with a method of equal crown projection area,therefor,the resulting crown area overlap index showed more realities of existing stand conditons.(6)Based on the theoretics of multiply divide,the spatial strcture optimizing model of secondary forest stand selective thinning was developed by diversity mingling,aggregation index,competition index and crown area overlap index,also designed 10 constraint conditions which were related to forestry meanings,the objective function was solved by the implicit enumeration method with LINGO 9.0,using 0-1 integer programming.

并且得出，每个树种在树冠内相对高度上的叶量的垂直分布是不同的，天然次生林阔叶树种的叶量在树冠的上部(0.3CL以下)所占比例很小，约占10%左右；在树冠的中部以及中下部(0.4CL～0.8CL)，叶量所占比例最大，几乎集中了整个树冠60%～75%的叶量；而在树冠的下部(0.8CL以下)，几乎占很少的叶量，大约10%左右。5、采用Hegyi竞争指数来表现次生林内林木的竞争关系，并且根据竞争圈的大小和林木在竞争圈内的分布位置、大小与距离来计算有效的竞争木，并不是传统意义上的全部竞争木；本研究提出用树冠叠加指数来表示林木与周围树木的树冠竞争情况，并采用等树冠投影面积法把树冠分为5级，这样计算的树冠叠加指数更加与现实林分相符。6、本研究基于乘除法的思想，用多样性混交度、聚集指数、竞争指数和树冠叠加指数构建了天然次生林择伐空间优化模型，设计了10个与林学意义相一致的约束条件，并采用0-1整数规划的思路，在LINGO9.0软件中使用了隐枚举法对目标函数求得最优解。7、以M702标准地为应用实例，具体计算出了每株采伐木，经过择伐后，目标函数值按模型设计的要求发生了极大的改变，增加了5倍多，说明了最后这个解的优良性，满足了设计的要求。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。