故障

The origin of travelling wave and its propagation characteristics of modal components in time-domain and frequency domain are analyzed. The characteristics of configuration of railway Automatic Blocking/Power Continuous Lines and principle of various methods of travelling wave fault location are studied. Using transient surges extracted by transform voltage on the lines, a new method of double-ended principle of fault location is proposed.

本文分析了故障暂态行波的产生机理和模分量在时域、频域的传播特性，研究了铁路自闭/贯通线路的结构特点以及目前各种故障测距原理，提出了利用线路侧电压互感器提取暂态行波双端故障测距的新方法，该方法能够精确地测量各种类型的故障距离。

By re-constructing the system, the residual error dynamic characteristics of unknown input and fault signals including unknown disturbances and modelling error are obtained. The energy norm indexes of disturbance and fault signals of residual error are selected separately to reflect the restraint of disturbance and the sensitivity of faults, and the design of fault detection observer is described as an optimization problem.

通过对系统进行重构，获取了包括未知扰动、建模误差等未知输入信号和故障信号的残差动态特性，分别选取残差的扰动信号和故障信号的能量范数指标来体现其对扰动的抑制作用和对故障的灵敏性，并将故障检测观测器的设计描述为一个优化问题。

Base on the in-depth analysis into the phase-to-ground fault mechanism and its features, the new concept is presented, which is to change the reference signal for analyzing and processing from the steady signal to the transient signal in a fault case A new principle of the fault feeder line selection with the synthetic logical criterion is presented creatively, which is based on the waveform recognition of the selected time-frequency window.

在深入分析单相接地故障的机理及故障特征的基础上，提出了从基于稳态信号原理转到基于故障暂态信号去分析和处理的新概念；创造性的提出了基于选线时频窗波形识别的综合性逻辑判据的故障选线新原理。

Circuit breakers are the important equipments in the electric power system, which get out of order due to the inactivation in the aspect of insulation characteristic, mechanical characteristic and electric characteristic,the losses that they cause are a few thousands times more than price of themselves.

断路器是电力系统中的重要设备，在运行过程中可能发生的故障主要是机械故障与绝缘故障，由于它的故障所导致的损失可能为其本身价格的数千倍甚至数万倍，因此对断路器进行状态监测，及时了解断路器的运行状况，成为电力系统十分关注并迫切希望解决的问题之一。

Aiming at difficulty of weak impactive roller bearing fault feature extraction of composite faults, a demodulation method based on the second generation wavelet and the empirical mode decomposition is proposed to separate the coupling features of a composite fault and to extract the fault feature of a roller bearing.

针对复合故障中滚动轴承微弱冲击性故障特征难于提取的问题，提出基于第二代小波和EMD的解调方法，进行复合故障的耦合特征分离和轴承损伤性故障微弱信号的特征提取研究。

By use of prediction of adaptive model and instantaneous increment of current amplitude, fault pre-triggering and triggering mechanism for bus protection are realized in this paper, and sensitivity and reliability are improved consequently.

本文还利用自适应模型的预测和电流瞬时幅值的增量实现了母线保护的故障预启动和故障启动，灵敏故障预启动是实现抗TA饱和母线保护方法的基础，可靠故障启动是母线保护出口的必要条件。

As far as reason for deficiency, the fault expert database is built for helping administrators determine the reason for deficiency;. As for failure prediction,the mathematic models,the logarithmic normal distribution model of network software faults and the exponential distribution model of network hardware faults,are established.

对于故障原因，建立了故障专家库以帮助管理人员确定故障原因；对于故障预测，建立了数学模型——网络软件故障率的对数正态分布模型和网络硬件故障率的指数分布模型。

According to the common faults in the course of the operation of MOA and the fuzzy relationship between the faults and the fault symptoms, the faults set, fault symptoms set,membership function,fuzzy diagnosis matrix,fuzzy operator and diagnosis rules are determined.

根据MOA运行过程中的常见故障及故障与征兆之间的模糊关系，确立了MOA的故障集、征兆集、隶属函数、模糊诊断矩阵、模糊算法和故障诊断原则。

In the step of modeling, normalization in feature space is discussed. In the step of fault detection, SPE statistic is constructed more easily by virtue of the kernel matrix. Partial kernel PCA is developed to extend the fault isolation based on structured residuals to nonlinear system.

在建模阶段，讨论了特征空间标准化的问题；在故障检测阶段，提出了一种利用核矩阵构造SPE统计量的方法以便故障检测更易实现；在故障隔离阶段，提出了部分KPCA算法，把基于结构化残差的故障隔离方法推广到非线性系统。

In the case of transient fault, the difference is minute because the fault model is consistent with the prototype, but for the permanent fault, the difference is notable, the fault model does not coincide with the prototype. Moreover, the developed algorithm is simple and only uses one-terminal data.

瞬时性故障情况下，故障模型与求解模型一致，电感求解值与实际值差异很小；永久性故障情况下，故障模型与求解模型不一致，电感求解值与实际值差异明显。

He is the most remarkable man that I have ever known.

他是我知道的人中最值得注意的人。

Increased appearance of lymphocele was noticed in patients with diabetic nephropathy, congenital malformations of the urinary tract, and inflammatory diseases, including glomerulopathy and extraglomerular ones, after high-voltage radiotherapy and after removal of the renal graft.

经过高压放射疗法和切除移植肾后，在糖尿病肾病患者、泌尿系统先天性畸形患者和炎症患者身上发现淋巴囊肿有所增加，包括肾小球病和球外疾病等。