损害

At the same time, the paper discusses the relationship between Punitive Damages and compensatory damages and mental damages.

同时，对惩罚性损害赔偿与补偿性损害赔偿、精神损害赔偿的关系进行了论述。

First of all, general introduction to environment infringement is offered, then the civil liability system of environment infringement discussed from the following respective aspects: principles of liability judgment, important elements, causes of counterplea and the forms of liability, finally some suggestions of the improvement of the civil liability system of the environment infringement law in China.

在文章的第二部分，笔者首先对过错责任原则及在环境损害民事责任中适用过错责任原则的缺陷进行了分析，接着介绍了在修正过错责任原则的过程中发展起来的几种学说，进而提出在环境损害民事责任中应适用无过失责任原则，并论述了适用该原则的理由，最后考察了我国相关法律对环境损害民事责任适用无过失责任原则的规定。

Article 28 Where the property rights of a citizen, legal person or other organization are infringed upon and damage is caused, it shall be dealt with according to the following provisions:(1) in case of imposition of a fine or penalty, recovery or confiscation of property, or expropriation of property and article, or appointment of expenses in violation of the provisions of the state, the property shall be returned;(2) in case of sealing up, distraint and freezing of property and causing damage or destruction to the property, compensation shall be paid according to the provisions of (3) and (4) of this Article;(3) in case of damage to the property which should be returned, the original state shall be restored if it can be done.

第二十八条侵犯公民，法人和其他组织的财产权造成损害的，按照下列规定处理：处罚款，罚金，追缴，没收财产或者违反国家规定征收财物，摊派费用的，返还财产；查封，扣押，冻结财产的，解除对财产的查封，扣押，冻结，造成财产损坏或者灭失的，依照本条第项的规定赔偿；，应当返还的财产损坏的，能够恢复原状的恢复原状，不能恢复原状的，按照损害程度给付相应的赔偿金；应当返还的财产灭失的，给付相应的赔偿金；财产已经拍卖的，给付拍卖所得的价款；吊销许可证和执照，责令停产停业的，赔偿停产停业期间必要的经常性费用开支；对财产权造成其他损害的，按照直接损失给予赔偿。

The nature of restitutionary1 and exemplary damages, the relationship between these two problematic categories of damages, as well as the possible ways forward (particularly with regard to the award of exemplary damages in the context of a breach of contract) raise a plethora of issues that could be thoroughly examined only in a book or, at the least, a small monograph.

赔偿性和惩戒性的损害赔偿之间的关系，这两个问题的类别的损害赔偿，以及为将来可能采取的办法（尤其是关于授予惩戒性的损害赔偿，在一个违反合同），提出过多的问题可以彻底检查，只有在一本书或者至少一个小的专着。

We should add, however, that our primary focus will be on exemplary damages, having already canvassed a number of issues with regard to restitutionary damages in an earlier article in this journal.A few additional issues with respect to restitutionary damages do arise, however, and we will consider them briefly.

我们还应补充说，不过，我们的首要重点将是对惩戒性的损害赔偿，它已经收集到的一些问题就赔偿性损害赔偿在早先的文章中，这journal.a数增发方面赔偿性y损害赔偿的出现，然而，我们会考虑他们一下。

Except for the express, limited remedies provided herein, and to the fullest extent allowed by law, free logo makers shall not be liable for any damages of any kind arising from use of the service, including but not limited to direct, indirect, incidental, consequential, special, exemplary, or punitive damages, even if free logo makers has been advised of the possibility of such damages.

除为表示，有限的补救措施提供此中，并最大限度地在法律所允许的，免费的徽标制造商概不承担任何责任的任何损害任何形式的因使用的服务，包括但不限于直接，间接，附带，相应的，特殊，惩戒或惩罚性损害赔偿，即使是免费的徽标制造商已被告知此类损害的可能性。

They considered that Gyles J had awarded exemplary damages in both contract and tort, but that Australian law was to the effect that exemplary damages could not be awarded for breach of contract.Accordingly, even if the respondents had committed breaches of contract, exemplary damages could not be awarded in respect of them.

他们认为， gyles律政司已颁发惩戒性的损害赔偿，在双方的合同和侵权，但澳大利亚法律是大意是惩戒性的损害赔偿可能不会获批违约contract.accordingly ，即使受访者曾犯下违反合约的行为，惩戒性的损害赔偿可不会获批，在尊重他们。

Based on the analysis of the limitations of parity compensation,the article suggests that it is necessary and possible to involve the principal of punitive compensation in compensation for the damage of environmental pollution,so as to strengthen the function of civil re- lief,sanction and prevention,and eventually to create a fairer society of justice.

在各种俊权贵任形式中，损害赔偿是最基本的形式，原因在于侵权法的基本功能就是补偿受害人的损失。所以，损害赔偿在环境污染损害贵任形式中有着不可取代的地位，并且被广泛地适用。

To the writers point of view, the compensation of oil pollution should have been listed in the limitable rights of our Maritime Law, so it could be limited according to the 11th chapter of Maritime Law and the foreign related cases which should be governed by CLC1969 and CLC1992 China has been attended.

当然，解决我国油污损害赔偿案件中存在问题的最根本方法是在理论上充分理清其性质和特点以后，借鉴国际公约和各成熟的油污损害赔偿机制，依据我国的现有国情，制订适合我国的独立的油污损害赔偿机制。

The state responsibility of transboundary environmental damage,based on Prevention of Transboundary Damage from Hazardous Activities and Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts of the International Law Commission, refers to national responsibility of transboundary environmental damage that is produced within the confines of national command, arising from the nonfulfillment of corresponding obligation of prevention prescribed by international law.

跨界环境损害国家责任以2001年国际法委员会的编纂成果《国家对国际不法行为的责任条文草案》和《预防危险活动的跨界损害条款草案》为基础，指的是国家没有履行国际法规定的相应的预防义务，从而导致其管辖或控制范围内的活动产生跨界环境损害后果时所承担的责任。

Objective To investigate the effects of interleukin-1 β converting enzyme gene on the biologic characteristics of ovarian cancer cells.

目的 探讨白细胞介素-1 β转换酶的表达，对卵巢癌细胞生物学特性的影响。

Campylobacter: This illness is the most commonly identified cause of diarrheal illness in the world.

弯曲：这种病是最常见的原因查明腹泻病，在世界上。