开花植物

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

Basic walls can be hidden from view by hardy, long-blooming plants like Tussock Bellflower,.

基本墙壁可以从视图中隐藏的吃苦耐劳，长期像毛虫桔梗开花植物

Genus of flowering plants having a single cotyledon in the seed.

种子中有一片子叶的开花植物属。

Family of flowering plants having a single cotyledon in the seed.

在萌芽阶段单子叶开花植物科。

The Yellow Mountains abound in flowering plants;many of them are rare ones, such as Goddess Flower the Yellow MountainsAzalea as well as camellia, plum, lily, crape myrtle, orchid, Spring HeraldingFlower and so on.

黄山的开花植物很丰富，其中许多都是稀有珍品，如美人花、黄山杜鹃花、茶花、李树花、百合花、紫薇、兰花和迎春花等等。

Still, my local nurseries do have some winter bloomers for sale but it is very difficult to "dress up" the entire yards to make it colorful and most people use this time of the year to do maintenance work, such as trimming trees, removing weeds, relocating plants, adding composts, etc, in order to get ready for the coming spring.

尽管在我这儿的苗圃虽然有贩售一些冬季的开花植物，但是仍不足以用来妆点整个庭院使它多采多姿。且人们大多利用此时来做些保养事宜，例如修剪树木，去除杂草，改变植物的位置，添加有机肥等，为了即将到来的春天做好准备。

Some companies also use plant placenta yes, flowering plants have placentas!

一些公司也使用植物胎盘（没错，开花植物是有胎盘的！

A fruit- or flower-bearing plant.

能结果植物，能开花植物

Bright petals mark the hibiscus, a flowering plant found in much of the world.

明亮的花瓣标志木槿属植物，一种开花植物在世界上发现的很多。

Recent DNA evidence suggests to some plant taxonomists that the traditional way of classifying flowering plants is not correct after all, and that flowering plants need to be completely reclassified.

最新DNA证据对一些植物分类学者显示传统开花植物的分类是错误的，需要完全地重新分类。

Since historical times,England ,where the early inhabitants were Celts, has been conquered three times .

从有历史以来，英国，在此地早期居住的是凯尔特人，已经被征服了三次。

Bluetooth OBEX File Transfer Enables the sending and receiving of files on your phone via Bluetooth.

蓝牙OBEX文件移动允许经过蓝牙传送和接受文件。。。。