帝制的

What are the main social groups into which Fitzpatrick divides Tsarist society?

Fitzpatrick所分类的俄国帝制社会中最主要的社团是什么？

This study describes the multi-facet systematic evolution of the said rural community from 1907 to 2007: from the perspective of ethnic culture, it has changed from a single ethnic cultural community of Yoghur(Ethnic Yugur\'s self-name) ethnic group into a multi-ethnic cultural community with Yoghur ethnic group as the dominating majority and embracing the ethnic groups of Han, Tibetan, Tu, Mongolian and Kazak; from the perspective of language, it has changed from a community where Yoghur and Tibetan languages dominated with the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language as the subordinate into one where the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language dominate with the Yoghur language as the subordinate; in the perspective of marriage and heirship system, from a parallel operation of two systems (patrilineal heirship for official marriages and matrilineal heirship system for matrimonial forms through the head-wearing ceremony) to monogamy and patrilineal heirship; in the perspective of means of living, from animal husbandry complemented with hand knitting and camel caravan transporting to agricultural farming complemented with animal husbandry and many others; in the perspective of social organization, from a traditional tribe to a modern country society; in the perspective of political system and social management, from the customs-authority management which combined the dominating headman hereditary system under the tribal union of an imperial dynasty and the subordinating elite influence, to the resource-interest management of party-government departmental system under the ethnic minority autonomy of a nation state; in the perspective of religious faith, from a coexistence of the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism and the devout ancestor worship to the currently prevalent ancestor worship with religions declining and faith weakening; in the perspective of education, from the local-knowledge-oriented education to an official-knowledge-oriented education, in which modern schooling has become the major educational organization instead of the former traditional temple education; the school has replaced the temple as the "knowledge-culture" communication center; at least in the minds of the local people the central role of family education during the children\'s cultural development has also been replaced by schooling.

本研究描述了1907～2007年间，这个乡村社区的多面向的系统变迁：从族群文化的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔为绝对主体的单一族群文化社区转变为一个以尧乎尔为主体的、有汉、藏、土、蒙古、哈萨克等组成的多元族群文化社区；从语言文字的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔语和藏文为主，以汉语方言和汉文为辅的社区转变为一个以汉语方言和汉文为主，以尧乎尔语为辅的社区；从婚姻与继嗣制度的角度而言，从一个双系并行(明媒正娶婚行父系继嗣制度，帐房戴头婚行母系继嗣制度)的社区转变为行一夫一妻制和父系继嗣制度的社区；从生计方式的角度看，从一个以畜牧业生产为主，以手工编织和驼队运输为辅的社区转变为一个以农业为主，以牧业为辅的、多种生计方式并存的社区；从社会组织的形态而言，从一个传统部落社会转变为一个现代乡村社会；从政治制度和社会控制的角度而言，从帝制王朝的部落联盟制下头目世袭制为主，户族精英为辅的习俗—权威型控制方式转变为一个民族-国家中民族区域自治制度下以党政科层制的资源—利益型控制方式；从宗教信仰的角度而言，从一个格鲁派藏传佛教和萨满教并存，祖先崇拜之风甚烈的社区转变为寺庙衰落、信仰淡化、惟祖先崇拜仍广为流行的社区；从教育的角度而言，从一个以地方知识教育为主的社区转变为一个以官方知识教育为主的社区，现代学校教育取代了传统寺庙教育成为社区的主要教育组织形式，学校取代寺庙成为"知识—文化"传播的中心，在青少年儿童的文化成长过程中，家庭教养扮演的中心角色，至少在乡民的观念上被学校教育替代。

Chapter Three points out that "Hong-xian Monarchy" was crucial in studying Yang Du"s thoughts of constitutionalism,which, as an important turning point in his political career, highlighted the ebb and flow of Yang Du"s theory of monarchism and constitutionalism in the particular historical period.

洪宪帝制是研究杨度君宪思想的一个重要环节，作为杨度政治道路的一个重要转折点，突出体现了杨度帝王之学与君宪思想在特定历史时期此消彼长的关系。

Many hoped that Alexander II would continue with his reforms and abolish some of the unjust policies of Tsarist Russia.

许多人期望亚历山大二世会继续他的改革，废除那些俄国帝制时候的不平等政策。

It is unobjectionable that Hugo took the democratic position against the tyranny of Napoleon III and denounced the letter's restoration of imperialism from the standpoint of democratic republic.

雨果站在民主主义的立场上反对拿破仑三世的专制，同时用民主共和的理念谴责他恢复帝制，这本无可非议。

During the past one hundred years, the spirit of nationalism developed it"s connotation .It includes "XinHai" spirit (overthrowing feudal dynasty and developing our country vigorously );"Five-Four" spirit (striving for progress, democracy and science);"JingGang" spirit (burning an extensive prospect from a small spark of hope);"ChangZheng" spirit(strengthening the brief of victory and going forward without any fear );"Ant-Japan war" spirit (Uniting together to defend foreign aggression and fighting for the nation);"YanAn" spirit(seeking truth and overcoming difficulties by ourselves);"Initialing undertaking" spirit (struggling arduously and constructing our country assiduously and thriftily);"Reforming spirit (abolishing out-dated regulations and advocating new systems).

在近百年的历程中，中华民族精神又表现出丰富的时代内容，它们是：推翻帝制，振兴中华的辛亥精神；爱国进步，民主科学的五四精神；星星之火，可以燎原的井冈精神；坚定信念，一往无前的长征精神；团结御侮，浴血救国的抗战精神；求真务实，自力更生的延安精神；艰苦奋斗，勤俭建国的创业精神；革故鼎新，开拓进取的改革精神等等。

This study describes the multi-facet systematic evolution of the said rural community from 1907 to 2007: from the perspective of ethnic culture, it has changed from a single ethnic cultural community of Yoghur(Ethnic Yugur\'s self-name) ethnic group into a multi-ethnic cultural community with Yoghur ethnic group as the dominating majority and embracing the ethnic groups of Han, Tibetan, Tu, Mongolian and Kazak; from the perspective of language, it has changed from a community where Yoghur and Tibetan languages dominated with the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language as the subordinate into one where the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language dominate with the Yoghur language as the subordinate; in the perspective of marriage and heirship system, from a parallel operation of two systems (patrilineal heirship for official marriages and matrilineal heirship system for matrimonial forms through the head-wearing ceremony) to monogamy and patrilineal heirship; in the perspective of means of living, from animal husbandry complemented with hand knitting and camel caravan transporting to agricultural farming complemented with animal husbandry and many others; in the perspective of social organization, from a traditional tribe to a modern country society; in the perspective of political system and social management, from the customs-authority management which combined the dominating headman hereditary system under the tribal union of an imperial dynasty and the subordinating elite influence, to the resource-interest management of party-government departmental system under the ethnic minority autonomy of a nation state; in the perspective of religious faith, from a coexistence of the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism and the devout ancestor worship to the currently prevalent ancestor worship with religions declining and faith weakening; in the perspective of education, from the local-knowledge-oriented education to an official-knowledge-oriented education, in which modern schooling has become the major educational organization instead of the former traditional temple education; the school has replaced the temple as the "knowledge-culture" communication center; at least in the minds of the local people the central role of family education during the children\'s cultural development has also been replaced by schooling.

本研究描述了1907～2007年间，这个乡村社区的多面向的系统变迁：从族群文化的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔为绝对主体的单一族群文化社区转变为一个以尧乎尔为主体的、有汉、藏、土、蒙古、哈萨克等组成的多元族群文化社区；从语言文字的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔语和藏文为主，以汉语方言和汉文为辅的社区转变为一个以汉语方言和汉文为主，以尧乎尔语为辅的社区；从婚姻与继嗣制度的角度而言，从一个双系并行(明媒正娶婚行父系继嗣制度，帐房戴头婚行母系继嗣制度)的社区转变为行一夫一妻制和父系继嗣制度的社区；从生计方式的角度看，从一个以畜牧业生产为主，以手工编织和驼队运输为辅的社区转变为一个以农业为主，以牧业为辅的、多种生计方式并存的社区；从社会组织的形态而言，从一个传统部落社会转变为一个现代乡村社会；从政治制度和社会控制的角度而言，从帝制王朝的部落联盟制下头目世袭制为主，户族精英为辅的习俗—权威型控制方式转变为一个民族-国家中民族区域自治制度下以党政科层制的资源—利益型控制方式；从宗教信仰的角度而言，从一个格鲁派藏传佛教和萨满教并存，祖先崇拜之风甚烈的社区转变为寺庙衰落、信仰淡化、惟祖先崇拜仍广为流行的社区；从教育的角度而言，从一个以地方知识教育为主的社区转变为一个以官方知识教育为主的社区，现代学校教育取代了传统寺庙教育成为社区的主要教育组织形式，学校取代寺庙成为&知识—文化&传播的中心，在青少年儿童的文化成长过程中，家庭教养扮演的中心角色，至少在乡民的观念上被学校教育替代。

In 1980, the Syndics of Cambridge University Press decided to expand Thehistory of both imperial China and twentieth-century China.

剑桥大学出版社决定将《剑桥中国史》规划成涵盖帝制时期与二十世纪中国史的十五卷本。

After an interrupt is generated, the CPU compares the interrupt number (x8) against the size of the IDT -- stored in the interrupt descriptor cache register. If the INT# x 8 doesn't exceed the IDT size, then the interrupt is considered invokable, and the IDT base address is fetched from the descriptor cache; then the ISR's protected mode address is fetched from the IDT.

在产生一个中断之后， CPU 将会把中断号(乘以8)和 IDT 的长度进行比较（ IDT 的长度存储在中断描述符缓冲寄存器中），如果中断号乘以8之后的值没有超过 IDT 的长度，则该中断被认为是可调用的，然后将 IDT 的基址从中断描述符缓冲寄存器中取出； ISR 的保护模式帝制从 IDT 中取出。

President of the Republic of China Yuan Shikai declares himself the Emperor of the Chinese Empire , restoring monarchy.

1915年的今天，中华民国的总统袁世凯宣布自己为中华帝国的帝王，恢复帝制。

Objective To investigate the effects of interleukin-1 β converting enzyme gene on the biologic characteristics of ovarian cancer cells.

目的 探讨白细胞介素-1 β转换酶的表达，对卵巢癌细胞生物学特性的影响。

Campylobacter: This illness is the most commonly identified cause of diarrheal illness in the world.

弯曲：这种病是最常见的原因查明腹泻病，在世界上。