使有缺陷

Based on varying process of generator terminal parameters after excitation fault, shortages of excitation protective principle of static stability boundary and asynchronous impedance boundary are analyzed. It proposed that excitation fault research relates to large-disturbance stability. Because dynamic power-angle character of generator after excitation fault is non-sinusoidal, there are differences between dynamic power-angle character and static state power-angle character. So it isn't ideal to protective operation result based on small-disturbance stability and static stability boundary criterion. At the same time, it proposed that asynchronous boundary impedance criterion is a constant reactive power circle moving adown j Xd′. It can ensure complete loss-of-excitation generator measuring impedance enter into the circle, but can't ensure the other condition measuring impedance including impossible losing synchronism enter. So loss-of-excitation protection would be maloperation when system voltage drops short and recovers or generator rejects load.③Based on stability principle, it puts forward setting conditions and calculation method of generator loss-of-excitation protection by direct measuring power-angle.

以励磁故障后发电机端的相关参数的变化为基础，通过对以静稳定边界和异步阻抗边界作判据的两类三种现行励磁保护在原理上存在的缺陷分析，发现：励磁故障是一个大干扰稳定性问题，励磁故障后的发电机的动态功角特性与静态功角特性有很大的差异，已远非正弦曲线，因此基于小干扰稳定性原理、以静稳定边界作判据的保护必然动作不理想；异步边界阻抗判据是一个下移j Xd′的等无功阻抗圆，它可以保证完全失磁后的发电机测量阻抗能进入该阻抗圆，但不能保证完全失磁之外的其它状态不会进入该阻抗圆，因此在系统电压短时下降或发电机突然甩负荷等情况下可能启动该保护使之误动。

Owing to its effect of the surface and intrinsic lacuna, carbon nanotubes have perfect reactive ability than other allotrope of graphite.

碳纳米管的表面效应和管壁中存在有大量的拓朴学缺陷，使碳纳米管的表面本质上比其它的石墨变体有更大的反应活性。

The characteristics of pentacene/perylene derivatives based organic solar cells are investigated in this thesis Donor and acceptor layers are pentacene and N N'-dioctyl-3 4 9 10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI-2~13C) respectively Twelve organic solar cells with pentacene/PTCDI-2~13C heterojunctions were fabricated to study the influence of various alkylic perylene derivatives on the power conversion efficiency Under the sunlight simulator with AM1 5G filter and 100 mW/cm2 the solar cell of pentacene/PTCDI-7C heterojunction with cathode of Ag/Al bilayer has the best performance among the devices with pentacene/PTCDI-2~13C heterojunctions In PL spectrum analyses the pentacene/PTCDI-7C film had lower recombination rate than the other pentacene/PTCDI-2~13C films; therefore more excitons could reach the P/N junction and enhance short-circuit current Furthermore the PTCDI-7C film grown on the surface of penatcene was more matched than other PTCDI films analyzed by the PL peak shifts of 10 nm and 45 nm thick PTCDI-2~13C and images of atomic force microscope More lattice match between the films of pentacene and PTCDI resulted in fewer defects in P/N junction and more carries can reach electrodes Accordingly the power conversion efficiency approach 2% was obtained from the solar cell with the active layer of pentacene/PTCDI-7C

本研究探讨以五环素/骈苯衍生物异质接面太阳能电池之特性，利用pentacene作为电子施体有机材料，PTCDI -2C~13C作为电子受体有机材料，制作出异质接面为pentacene/ PTCDI-2C ~13C等12种有机太阳能电池，比较不同碳数的骈苯衍生物对於有机太阳能电池之光电转换效率之影响。在AM1 5G、100 mW/cm2的模拟太阳光下，以pentacene/PTCDI-7C异质接面太阳能电池具有短路电流9 882 mA/cm2、开路电压0 376 V、填充因数0 523及光电转换效率达1 945%，皆比其他pentacene/PTCDI-2C ~13C异质接面太阳能电池来的大。由薄膜分析可知PTCDI-7C在这12种太阳能电池中具有较低的电子电洞复合发光效率，可以让较多激子到达异质接面进行电荷分离，减少电子电洞对复合发光的机率；此外，由光激发萤光光谱之峰值位移配合原子力显微镜表面结构图，可以得知当PTCDI-7C成长在pentacene上时会顺著pentacene的结构成长薄膜，故较无缺陷产生在P/N接面处；而在其他结构下则无此现象产生，致使在pentacene/PTCDI-7C薄膜中的载子有较大的机会可以移动至电极，使光电流提高，进而使光电转换效率提高。

To prepare studying hierarchical intelligent control system of material flows in mineral processing plant further, picturing, transition rulers, analytic methods, relevance matrix and dynamic equation, defect in applying of Petri network, fall short of orient object models applying are discussed after technology of formalization model built, non-formalization built and compound model. And Petri network system with time attribute is expanded opening network system with interface of input and output. The network system expanded with all attributes of basic Petri network model has hierarchy and recursiveness, can be analyzed with mathematical tools of network system and can deal with concurrent and asynchronously also.

为了对选矿厂生产物流递阶智能控制系统的进一步研究奠定基础，本文在讨论了形式化建模技术、非形式化建模技术和复合模型的基础上，研究和分析了Petri网的图形表示、变迁规则、分析方法、关联矩阵与动态方程、Petri网模型应用中的缺陷、面向对象模型应用中的不足，并把采用赋时的Petri网系统扩展成为对外界有输入和输出接口的开放网系统，扩展后的Petri网具有递阶性和递归性，同时保持基本Petri网的所有性质，使模型仍可采用网系统数学工具进行分析，并可处理生产物流系统中的并发性和异步性。

To in boat letter this kinds of situation, not divide stage course project and for setting up on the each period of stage there aren't thought , stage of control goal, this text has proposed the control goal model of the quality of stage of course of development based on milestone innovativly, model this divide course that information system develop into feasibility analyse , encode , integrate , is it wait for 9 stages to test, and has confirmed the control goal of quality for each stage , has set up two milestones of quality control , navigate letter course stage that information system develop row , is it have achievement may be examined each period of stage to make, a quality goal is controlled , avoid developing the transparency of course and quality control defect not high of visuality like this.

针对中航信的这种情况，受工程项目对过程进行阶段划分并为每个阶段设立阶段控制目标的思想启发，本文创新性地提出了基于里程碑的开发过程阶段质量控制目标模型，该模型将信息系统开发的过程划分为可行性分析、编码、集成、测试等9个阶段，并为每个阶段确定了质量控制目标，设立了两个质量管理的里程碑，将中航信信息系统开发的过程阶段划，使每个阶段都有成果可以检验，都有质量目标进行控制，这样就避免了开发过程透明度和可视性不高的质量管理缺陷。

Estrogen can cause fetal congenital heart defects, large vascular malformation, hydrocephalus, cerebral meningocele, visceral malformations, hydrocephalus, meningeal, bulging, visceral malformations, feminization of male fetus, penile deformity , cervical abnormalities, but also easy to cause miscarriage, stillbirth and ectopic pregnancy.

雌激素可引起胎儿先天性心脏缺陷，大血管畸形，脑积水，脑脊膜膨出，内脏畸形，脑积水，脑脊膜，膨出，内脏畸形，男胎女性化，阴茎畸形，宫颈畸形等，还易引起流产，死胎和异位妊娠。2、黄体酮可使妇胎生殖器男性化，出现阴蒂肥大，阴唇吻合等。3、先锋霉素：可通过胎盘屏障碍进入羊水中，对胎儿的安全性有影响。4、如有子宫收缩可引起先兆流产或先兆早产，应去医院请医生处方遵医嘱应用硫酸舒喘灵等舒缓平滑肌收缩的药物直至子宫收缩停止。

Acetate groups charge ZnO nanocrystals negatively and passivate the surfaces,reducing the surface defects and visible emission centers. Resultantly, the increase of acetategroups lead to the quench of visible emission and improvement of photoluminescenceproperties. At appropriate concentrations, the hydroxide groups mainly passivate the surfaceand improve the photoluminescence properties.

研究发现，氢氧化锂/醋酸锌的比值对胶体氧化锌量子点的发光性质有重要影响；醋酸根基团通过使氧化锌粒子带负电荷并钝化其表面，使得氧化锌纳米点的表面缺陷和可见发射中心大大减少，因此醋酸根浓度的增大导致了可见发光的淬灭和发光性质的增强；氢氧根基团在中等浓度时主要起钝化氧化锌表面的作用，使产物的发光性质得到改善。

Based on those analyses and conformed international and national economic condition in china and some intrinsic defects of target zone regime, author transform target zone exchange rate regime by dividing two layers and bring forward a new exchange rate regime: double-layer-monitor exchange rate regime, the new model have possessed two merits, one is that the new model make "hollymoon effect" of target zone recurrence,and the merit can alleviate the fluctuation of exchange market;another merit is that the new model is a self-regulation system, that is say, the model can avoid long-term misalignment of exchange rate, those merit have major significance for china economy sustainable development and Chinese financial system more perfection, in paper we also present some fiscal policy and money policy served as a foil to double-layer-monitor exchange rate regime in order to make it work well, at last, we conclude that the new model will be the prior selection of RMB exchange rate regime reform for a long time form now on, and it also can serve as the bridge of RMB exchange rate regime steering to one of bipolar—free float.

在这些分析的基础上，并考虑到当前中国所面临的国际国内经济环境，针对汇率目标区的一些固有缺陷，笔者又对汇率目标区模型进行了分层改造，提出了一个新的汇率机制模型：汇率目标区双层监控模型，该模型有两个主要优势，一是可以使&蜜月效应&得以重现，从而避免外汇市场的过度波动；二是该模型是一个自稳定系统，能够进行自我调整，使实际汇率同长期均衡汇率保持一致，从而避免实际汇率的长期错位。这些优点对于我国经济的可持续发展，对于我国金融的更加完善，有着十分重要的意义。为使汇率目标区双层监控模型良好运行，论文还就相应配套的财政政策、货币政策措施作了探讨。最后得出结论，按照汇率制度&并存继起&假说，今后很长一段时间内，汇率目标区双层监控模型都将是人民币汇率制度的合意选择，另外，它也可作为人民币汇率制度向独立浮动制过渡的桥梁。

Jiang Ye Yiyang colored plant since 1997 zhejiang for the production of three Group took the body with yellow brass, there have been more than a decade of history, maturing technology, complete equipment, product quality higher than the national standards in the chemical products Composition, tolerance level of accuracy, mechanical properties, both inside and outside surface quality in areas such as technical requirements, Reflects a production capacity of enterprises, technical and management level.

化学成分，化学成分 GB/T5231—2001中的 H65化学成分范围，为使其性能更有保障，对主成分及有害杂质进行更严格控制，制订企业标准（Q/JY001—2004）。（2）公差及机械性能参照 GB/T1527—2006拉制管标准和浙江三花集团企业标准 Q/ZSH05·099—2002，制订企业标准（Q/JY001—2004），对其进行严格控制。三位四通阀的工作环境是液态或汽化的氟利昂等冷凝剂，其内腔气密性要求十分苛刻，这就需要 AC 黄铜管的内、外表面质量有极高表面质量，内、外表面光洁，无划伤、拉痕、起皮、沙眼、夹杂等加工缺陷，无酸、油、润滑等残留附着物。由于 AC 黄铜管在制作四通阀时，需要锯切、车削、冲孔等机加工，因此对公差精度要求很高。

The following main results are obtained: The TiO_2 photocatalyst with small crystallite size, high surface area, narrow and uniform pore size distribution, and microporous frameworks could be prepared out by applying MW radiation in the preparation process. The microwave-induced fluorescence technique verified for the first time that microwave enhanced the formation rate of hydroxyl radical, leading to the increase in the photocatalytic efficiency. Compared with the conventional catalyst, TiO_2 prepared by MW dielectric heating owns a higher UV absorption ability, and its optical absorption edge and photovoltaic response are shifted toward the short wavelength region, resulting in increase of photooxidation efficiency. The photocatalytic conversion and the mineralization ratio of acetaldehyde are increased respectively by 30% and 40% over the TiO2 prepared by MW radiation when compared to the TiO2 prepared by the conventional heating. For the MW-assisted photocatalytic reaction over the MW-prepared TiO2, production of hydroxyl radicals is enhanced by 22.5%, and the photocatalytic conversion is accordingly increased by 20%. Similarlly, applying MW also increased the photocatalytic conversion and the mineralization ratio of acetaldehyde over TiO2/Al2O3 sample.

论文得到如下主要结果和结论：(1)微波介电加热TiO_2 溶胶可得到晶粒度小、光催化活性高、比表面积大和孔径分布窄而均一，且微孔发达的TiO_2光催化剂；在溶胶干燥处理过程中微波可使催化剂表面缺陷增加，进而导致光催化反应过程有更多的活性羟基自由基产生；(2)微波制备能显著增强TiO_2 样品的紫外光吸收率，并使其光吸收和光伏响应阈值发生蓝移，从而提高TiO_2的氧化还原能力；(3)与常规加热法所制TiO_2比较，微波法制备的TiO_2对乙醛的光催化降解转化率提高30%，CO_2生成率提高40%以上；(4)与未加微波辐射时相比，发现在光催化反应过程中施加微波，TiO_2 的羟基自由基生成速率提高了22.5%，相应CH_3CHO 光催化降解转化率提高了20%；对Al_2O_3/TiO_2催化剂，CH_3CHO 光催化降解转化率甚至提高了33%，同时CO_2 的生成率也都大幅度提高；(5)微波辐射可改变光催化降解乙醛的产物分布，推断施加微波时乙醛光催化降解按照羟基自由基引发的链式反应机理进行，微波&非热效应&起主要作用。

Objective To investigate the effects of interleukin-1 β converting enzyme gene on the biologic characteristics of ovarian cancer cells.

目的 探讨白细胞介素-1 β转换酶的表达，对卵巢癌细胞生物学特性的影响。

Campylobacter: This illness is the most commonly identified cause of diarrheal illness in the world.

弯曲：这种病是最常见的原因查明腹泻病，在世界上。