体应力

In studies of interaction among pile, platform that above it and surrounding soil, this paper employ the concept of plate element to simulate the loading character of platform, and employ the concept of solid element to simulate the character of pile and soil, using the finite element method after understanding the geometry properties of pile, soil and the platform. Analyzing the loading properties of the three entities above and their deformation, this paper also employ a special element, Penalty Element. The introduction of penalty element of this kind has served to guarantee the join harmony of displacement between solid element and plate element, thereby effectively resolving the join problem between platforms, pile that support it and surrounding soil.Considering significant property difference between pile material and its surrounding soil, there may be much shear stress on their contact interface produced under vertical load, thus causing displacement or fission. Therefore it is necessary to adopt one special constitutive law of this kind of contact interface, which can reflect its feature of loading and deformation thoroughly. On the basis of the deformation feature and constitutive laws of some contact interface obtained by Zhang Dongji and people concerned through some single-shear experiments on contact interface between structure and soil, this paper employ one pile-soil three-dimensional constant thickness contact interface model to simulate the " slide" taken place on the interface between pile and its surrounding soil. With this kind model, this paper has also created one finite element model, which can be applied to perform finite element calculation and analyze the pile-loading feature, and deduced its element stiffness matrix.

在承台-桩-土共同作用中，考虑桩与承台的几何特性，采用有限元方法，用实体单元模拟桩土，用板单元模拟承台，更具体地分析桩和承台的受力特性和变形，而且还采用罚单元—既实体单元与板单元之间连接必须满足变形协调条件，来有效地解决了承台与桩土的连接问题，且在桩土共同作用中，由于桩体结构的材料性能与周围土层性质相差较大，在竖向荷载下有可能在其接触面上产生较大的剪应力从而导致错动或开裂，因此，为了充分反映桩土接触面上的受力及变形特征，应采用一种桩土接触面特有的本构关系，即利用张冬霁等人关于结构与土体接触面单剪试验所得到的接触面变形特征及其本构关系，引入桩-土三维等厚度接触单元来模拟桩与桩侧土之间的&滑移&，在此基础上建立可用于桩基承载性状分析的有限元计算单元模型，并推导出了各单元的刚度矩阵。

The results show that pipe will buckle in symmetry mode near the two ends of pipe under compression load. In the local buckled area, wrinkles will form; stress and strain will concentrate.

结果表明压缩载荷作用下管体发生轴对称模式的屈曲，屈曲部位起皱，并有应力、应变集中。

In order to study the reasons and preventive measures of dynamic disasters such as shock bump and the destroy of rock mass in mining engineering resulted from the outburst of mash gas and coal during mining,stress-relieving measurement and temperature and confining pressure calibration were made with improved CSIRO cells at 4 measurement points in Datong mining area .

为了研究大同矿区在煤炭开采过程中煤和瓦斯突出形成的冲击地压、采矿工程围岩破坏等动力灾害的形成原因及其防治对策，采用改进型CSIRO空心包体应变计，对大同矿区进行了四个测点的应力解除测量实验以及室内温度标定和围压率定实验。

In shaft hole ensures the key requirement in coaxiality of holes.

采用国际领先的制造工艺，端板与桶体的焊接加工均采用整体退火处理，防止焊接后的&应力变形&；利用大型镗床加工端板轴孔，确保了轴孔的同轴度的关键要求，使产品的

We use the total annealing process on the welding of end plate and body, to prevent the stress and deformation incurred by welding. The usage of boring lathe in shaft hole ensures the key requirement in coaxiality of holes. All these advanced manufacturing arts enhance the precision of performance and

采用国际领先的制造工艺，端板与桶体的焊接加工均采用整体退火处理，防止焊接后的&应力变形&；利用大型镗床加工端板轴孔，确保了轴孔的同轴度的关键要求，使产品的精度得以大幅度提高，关键部件的使用寿命大大延长。

We use the total annealing process on the welding of end plate and body, to prevent the stress and deformation incurred by welding. The usage of boring lathe in shaft hole ensures the key requirement in coaxiality of holes. All these advanced manufacturing arts enhance the precision of performance and extend the life of key components greatly.

采用国际领先的制造工艺，端板与桶体的焊接加工均采用整体退火处理，防止焊接后的&应力变形&；利用大型镗床加工端板轴孔，确保了轴孔的同轴度的关键要求，使产品的精度得以大幅度提高，关键部件的使用寿命大大延长。

Adding strong-carbide-formation elements to Ni-based self-fluxing alloy powder,composite coatings were obtained,which were reinforced by in-situ synthesized particles on CrCuB alloy gray iron substrate by laser cladding.

针对车用内燃机排气门座圈高温、高交变应力和高腐蚀性工况，采用添加了强碳化物形成元素的镍基自熔合金粉末，通过激光熔覆，在CrCuB合金灰铸铁基体上制备了原位合成的颗粒增强镍基复合涂层。

Polymer processing is a high-energy process operation, and screw machinery is widespread applied to the polymer processing, such as screw extruders, screw injection molding machine and so on. The screw plasticating and conveying equipments based on shear rheology are generally adopted in polymer processing, in which materiels are dominated by shear stress. Therefore, there are some ubiquity disadvantages of the current methods of polymer materials processing, such as long thermo-mechanical, high energy consumption, too big equipment structure, and dependence on material properties.

加热管高分子材料成型加工是高能耗过程作业，目前普遍采用螺杆机械，如螺杆挤出机、螺杆注射机等，在螺杆机械中物料塑化输运主要是靠螺杆旋转时对物料的拖曳作用，固体输送为摩擦拖曳，熔体输送为粘性拖曳，物料的速度梯度与其流动和变形方向垂直，这种流动与变形受剪切应力支配，所以当前的高分子材料加工方法普遍存在物料塑化输运所经历的热机械历程长、能耗高、设备结构大、对物料特性依赖性强等缺陷。

Test results show that Taichung Harbor Sand/ concrete block, the interface friction angle and shear strength are difference, related with the size of the grid opening, the grid number of horizontal opening, Soil and the geogrid system has more obvious acts, such as the shear stress to the displacement of shear increases, the interface will increase friction angle.

试验结果得知在上盒台中港砂/下盒混凝土块体，其影响界面摩擦角与剪力强度差异是与格网横向勒条数，开孔大小有关格网横向勒条数越多且网目越小，土壤与格网互制行为越为明显，剪应力将随著剪力位移的增加而增加，界面摩擦角将会提高。

The arch dam is a sort of space shell structure with complicated shapes. The stress level of dam body and the stability condition of abutment rock are the two key indexes to evaluate the safety of arch dam.

拱坝是一种外形复杂的空间壳体结构，坝体的应力水平和坝肩岩体稳定状况是评价拱坝安全性的两个重要指标。

Since historical times,England ,where the early inhabitants were Celts, has been conquered three times .

从有历史以来，英国，在此地早期居住的是凯尔特人，已经被征服了三次。

Bluetooth OBEX File Transfer Enables the sending and receiving of files on your phone via Bluetooth.

蓝牙OBEX文件移动允许经过蓝牙传送和接受文件。。。。