传统

The second part makes an innovative study of the soul of traditional Chinese graphics in the respect of "shape","essence", and "implication". The first element to be emphasized is "shape", which is mainly concerned with lineal designs and convolute designs in traditional graphics, the main two ethical factors employed in traditional Chinese design. The "shape" is a relatively complete and minute system. What is included in "essence" is to convey the effect of lucency and artistic conception in traditional plastic art, which embodies traditional Chinese philosophy and its aesthetic taste. The "implication" part makes a detailed analysis of the informative function of the particular ethical graphics from the perspective of disseminative theory. The third part is my application of the three elements in designing.

第二部分是本文的创新之处，分别从"形"、"神"、"意"三方面对传统图形的精髓进行探讨，"形"主要提取了传统造型元素中的线和具有中国民族风格的构成形式——回旋形进行着重分析，有较为详细而完整的结构体系；"神"主要结合中国的传统哲学和审美思想对中国传统造型所追求的空灵、意境进行论述，"意"主要从传播学的角度对传统图形所特有的民族信息传达功能进行分析研究。

Therefore,this traditional morality can play its role in practical life on one hand,namely,the gains-pursuing and perceptual desire are kept on the right track;but on the other hand,it is characterized by "cheating strangers","heteronomy"," non-purity ",favors "talents' foresight" and has lost its intrinsic characters: rational consciousness,emotional willingness and saintliness.

在对这些问题的回答上，显现出两种不同的思路，并由此形成了人类伦理文化长河中的两大传统：重功利的功利主义伦理传统与重道义的道义论伦理传统，它们反映了人类的两种价值选择倾向。前者我们称其为功利主义伦理传统，后者我们称其为道义论伦理传统。数千年来，这两大传统相互砥砺契合，共同融铸了人类的伦理道德精

However, during New Trend '85, Gu Wenda differentiated himself from most artists of Chinese Painting of the time and showed his contemporary consciousness by experimenting on traditional ink painting materials and techniques. This brought out a new possibility for the contemporaneity of Chinese Painting. Since then, unremitting efforts have been made to "modernize" Chinese Painting through traditional abstract elements like ink-wash and Calligraphy. These efforts streamed into a new trend called "modern ink"(or "abstract ink","experimental ink") in late 1980's, though seemed not widely acknowledged for its resemblance to Abstract Expressionism of 1960's and 1970's American art. What is interesting is that while some artists are endeavoring to "westernize" their art, a new trend grouped as "Neo-literati Painting" appears with very traditional form and mood. This can be explained as a group of people's resistance to the reformation of traditional culture as well as their nostalgia to traditional ideals. However, this school tends to be artificial for the absence of the particular context, and the expression with traditional brushwork is also regionally limited. Of all the efforts of reformation, Chinese Painting that accordingly adopts the tradition heads the list because of the cultural identification of the big number of population and greater market as a result of the economic growth of China. Meanwhile, the immense conservative inertia of traditional Chinese culture can also be detected.

在"现代艺术"风起云涌的"85新潮"中，谷文达以传统水墨的材料和方法表达出不同于当时大多数中国画艺术家们这种文化心态和文化认知的现代意识，为中国画的现代性提供了一种方案；以水墨、还有选择中国传统书法的抽象因素等可能来进行现代性探索，一直是中国画连绵的努力，在80年代后期汇聚成"现代水墨"（又或曰"抽象水墨"、"实验水墨"），是中国画的又一流向，但是不是没有脱离60、70年代美国的"抽象主义"意义，反而还有了拾人牙慧之嫌，所以始终难以获得更大的认可和成功；很有趣的是，与此"西化"流向同时的，还有以非常传统的方式出现的"新文人画"潮流，或许可以把这看着是部分中国文化人在中国以西方为参照的新文化背景下对之的抵制，对传统理想的怀念和诉求，但由于已经失去了其语境和环境，"新文人画"显得娇情和造作，而且这种以非常地域化的传统笔墨语言来表现的方式也失去了更为普遍化的可能；反而是延续传统一脉的国画，由于有巨大的人数基础的本土文化的认同，在中国经济发展后有了更大的市场，所以还是蔚然为中国画的一大潮向，从这也可以看到中国文化承传的保守性的力量。

Moreover, we can give a more embedded discussion to the reason of the failure of the Chinese traditional calendrical astronomy in the calendar reform in the late Ming Dynasty.

明末的历法改革首先在传统历法的范式内展开，而邢云路(1549-约1626)既是明末传统历法复兴过程中最为重要的人物，也是万历年间唯一一位有机会进入钦天监在传统历法范式内实施改历的民间传统历法家，因此对邢云路的天文历法工作进行研究可以让我们对明末的历法改革以及传统历法在其中的作用和表现有一个较为清楚的认识，也可以对传统天文学在明末改历中失败的原因进行更加深入的探讨。

Xing yunlu (fl. 1580-1621) was not only the most important person during the period of the revival of traditional calendrical astronomy in the late Ming Dynasty, but also the only civilian astronomer who had the chance to reform the traditional calendar in the official Astronomical Bureau of the Ming Dynasty from 1612 to 1621. By studying Xing Yunlu's calendrical classics, we can better understand the calendar reform and the action and represent of the traditional calendrical astronomy in the late Ming Dynasty. Moreover, we can give a more embedded discussion to the reason of the failure of the Chinese traditional calendrical astronomy in the calendar reform in the late Ming Dynasty.

明末的历法改革首先在传统历法的范式内展开，而邢云路(1549-约1626)既是明末传统历法复兴过程中最为重要的人物，也是万历年间唯一一位有机会进入钦天监在传统历法范式内实施改历的民间传统历法家，因此对邢云路的天文历法工作进行研究可以让我们对明末的历法改革以及传统历法在其中的作用和表现有一个较为清楚的认识，也可以对传统天文学在明末改历中失败的原因进行更加深入的探讨。

Four aspects of the traditional cultures of ethnic groups (cultural beliefs, medicinal culture, food culture, folklore customs), and their impacts on plant resource management and biodiversity conservation were studied and analyzed in Northwestern Yunnan using ethnobotanical approaches.

中文题名滇西北山地传统民族文化与生物多样性保护副题名外文题名 Traditional ethnic cultures and biodiversity conservation in the mountain areas of northwestern Yunnan，China 论文作者罗鹏导师裴盛基研究员学科专业植物学研究领域\研究方向学位级别博士学位授予单位中国科学院昆明植物研究所学位授予日期2001 论文页码总数156页关键词植物资源民族文化云南民族植物学生物多样性传统文化馆藏号BSLW /2003 /Q948 /23 运用民族植物学原理，采用野外面上调查、定点社区调查和文献研究相结合的办法，对滇西北少数民族传统文化中四个主要方面，即传统信仰文化、医药文化、饮食文化和民俗文化对植物资源的利用和管理的影响、与生物多样性的关系进行了调查和分析，对其中的一些&文化利用植物&进行了编目：运用生态学手段，对信仰文化在生态系统水平上对生物多样性的保护作用进行了定量分析；并采用参与式的典型社区调查的方法分析了民族传统文化对社区资源管理的影响以及传统文化机制的衰退与生物多样性变化的关系。

The first chapter expounds that life care of the traditional culture constitutes the solid foundation and psychological support for Zhu Guangqian's study of traditional aesthetic thought, and elaborates the unique discovery that there is a deep connection between Zhu Guangqian and the literary theory of the Tong Cheng School. The second chapter sets forth the experience of Zhu Guangqian's traditional aesthetics which takes interest as the theoretical pivot, empathy as the theoretical core, and artistic life as the destination. and deeply explores and analyzes the inside information of the traditional culture and the dilemma of the fusion of the Chinese and western cultures contained in Zhu Guangqian's empathy thought. The third chapter discusses Zhu Guangqian's identification to affective intention experience of the traditional aesthetics and experience approach of the aesthetic feeling. The fourth chapter states Zhu Guangqian's prospects of life significance and ponderation of imaginal thinking in his later years.

第一章论述传统文化的生命关怀构成朱光潜传统美学思想研究坚实的精神基础和心理支持，独特地发现了朱光潜与桐城文论的深刻联系；第二章论述朱光潜以情趣为理论支点、移情为理论核心、人生艺术化为理论归宿对传统美学审美精神的体认，深入地探析了朱光潜移情思想的传统文化底蕴和中西融合的困境；第三章论述朱光潜对传统美学情感意向性体验和审美感兴体验方式的认同；第四章论述朱光潜晚年对传统美学人生意蕴的展望和形象思维方式的沉思。

For the further surveying and arranging the traditional function of Schisandraceae, we also carried out the ethnopharmacological survey of Schisandraceae,and consulted 17 related herbariums and related Herbal\'s records nationwide.We documented the ethnopharmacological arrangements of schisandraceous plants which had the traditional therapeutic effects,including colloquial name,medical location,traditional usage, traditional efficacy and application,credentials specimens.

为了更好的整理和调查五味子科植物的传统疗效，我们还对分布在中国的五味子科植物进行了传统药物学调查，查阅了全国17个相关的标本馆及相关的本草记录，对具有传统疗效记载的五味子科植物进行了传统药物学的整理，包括：俗名、入药部位、传统用法、传统疗效及应用、凭证标本等。

As compared with the traditional irrigation-traditional fertilization, the following results of the improved optimized irrigation-optimized fertilization were obtained: significantly higher nitrogen use efficiency; the like tiller number per unit area, percentage of the tiller ear number/the tiller number, the ear number per unit area, the greatly reduced grain number per ear, and significantly heavier weight of 1, 000 grains; a trifle taller plants; shorter base internode length, a bit more weight per unit internode length, longer internode length under ear; almost the same LAI values in middle and later stages; coincident process of dry matter accumulation from straight growth onwards, a little more dry matter accumulation amount from earing to maturity; a little longer flag leaf, 2〓 leaf, 3〓 leaf (but the three leaves were shorter than those of the optimized irrigation-traditional fertilization) and shorter 4〓 leaf from top, a bit reduced total area of these leaves; almost the same leaf thickness, mean canopy leaf tilt angle, light extinction coefficient , ratio of light penetration in the upper, middle and lower parts of the wheat canopy, and fair plant type; almost the same senescence process of flag leaf; and increased root amount in 0-120cm soil layer and smaller rate of progressive decrease of the root length density and root weight density with soil getting deep, which can strengthen the resistance to adverse conditions such as water stress in the later stage.

在优化水肥条件下，冬小麦总分蘖数、成穗率及单位面积穗数与传统水肥比较接近，但穗粒数显著减少，千粒重显著提高；株高稍有增加；基部节间长度缩短，充实度略微增高，穗下节间增长；中后期LAI与传统水肥的LAI值基本吻合；起身至成熟干物质积累量动态变化过程与传统水肥十分接近，但抽穗至成熟所形成的干物质量增加；上三叶变长（但上三叶长度增加幅度小于优化灌溉-传统施肥处理），倒4叶变短，总叶面积略有减少；叶片厚度、冠层平均叶倾角、消光系数、冠层各层的透光率与传统水肥差异很小，株型较好；旗叶叶绿素含量动态变化与传统水肥十分接近；0-120cm土层的总根量明显增加，上层根群和深层根群的差异最小，有利于提高小麦后期的抗逆力。

As compared with the traditional irrigation-traditional fertilization, the following results of the improved traditional irrigation-optimized fertilization were obtained: reduced tiller number per unit area, lower percentage of the tiller ear number/the tiller number, the decreased ear number per unit area, the greatly reduced grain number per ear (1999-2000) and like weight of 1, 000 grains; almost the same plant height; shorter base internode length, a bit more weight per unit internode length, longer internode length under ear; lower LAI values in middle and later stages; coincident process of dry matter accumulation from straight growth onwards, a little more dry matter accumulation amount from earing to maturity; shorter and thicker flag leaf, 2〓 leaf, 3〓 leaf and 4〓 leaf from top, reduced total area of these leave; bigger mean canopy leaf tilt angle, smaller light extinction coefficient , higher ratio of light penetration in the upper, middle and lower parts of the wheat canopy, and tighter plant type; almost identical dynamic change of flag leaf chlorophyll content; and almost the same root amount in 0-120cm soil layer, smaller rate of progressive decrease of the root length density and root weight density with soil getting deep and relatively increased root amount in deeper soil layers.

在传统灌溉-优化施肥条件下，冬小麦单位面积总分蘖数比传统水肥减少，成穗率降低，单位面积穗数有所减少，穗粒数、千粒重无显著性差异；株高基本无变化；基部节间长度缩短，充实度略微增高，穗下节间增长；中后期叶面积指数略低于传统水肥；起身至成熟干物质积累量动态变化过程与传统水肥十分接近，但抽穗至成熟形成的干物质量增加；旗叶、倒2叶倒3叶、倒4叶叶长及总叶面积有所减少，叶片相对增厚；冠层平均叶倾角大，消光系数小，冠层各层的透光率较高，株型紧凑；旗叶叶绿素含量动态变化与传统水肥十分接近；0-120cm土层总根量与传统水肥也差异不大，但根长密度和根重密度随土层深度递减速度较慢，根系在下层土壤的分布相对增多。

In this paper, the requirement analysis, design and implementation of the system are introduced in detail.

此论文详细介绍了系统的需求分析，系统设计和具体实现。

In the context of economic globalization is increasingly deepening, China's economy can not be spared.

在经济全球化日益加深的背景下，中国经济不可能做到独善其身。