个体发生

Tooby and Cosmides proposed some rules about functional analysis:①functional analysis should be expressed in adaptationist terms,②a set of phenotypic properties is not an adaptation if it is transient, varying from individual to individual,③adaptations should be distinguished from their expression (which may vary from context to context),④a set of phenotypic properties is not an adaptation if it was absent in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness,⑤a set of phenotypic properties is not an adaptation if it did not solve an adaptive problem in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness.

图比和考斯米戴丝提出了功能分析的原则：①功能分析应该用适应的术语来表达；②一系列表现型的特点如果是暂时的，在不同的个体身上发生变化，它并非是一种适应；③适应应该与它们的表现（在不同的情景中可能发生变化）区分开；④一系列表现型的特点如果在进化适应性环境中不存在，则不是一种适应；⑤一系列表现型的特点如果不能解决进化适应性环境中的一种适应性的问题，也不是一种适应。

This so-called situational prevention is trying to get rid of the situational conditions that a crime relies on through changing or bypassing living environments, and therefore prevent the victimization from happening to individuals exteriorly.

所谓被害环境预防是指通过改变或规避周围的生活环境，消除被害发生所依赖的环境条件，从而在被害个体的外部有效预防犯罪被害的发生。

From the planning of an economic public system to marketing economics that value individual benefits. From a directing society value system that values collectivism, national benefits and common goal to a multi-element society value system. All these have changed the directional collective actions, which also brought changes to its product the macro society element. Traditional solutions for collective actions are losing their effect, a new system is developing.

在本文中，由公有制下的计划经济进入个体利益明确的市场经济，由崇尚集体主义、国家利益和目标一致性关系的主导社会价值观进入多元价值体系，使得社会中的主导型集体行动类型发生转变，它所产生的宏观社会要素也随之发生改变，过去习惯了的解决集体行动的手段正在解体，新的制度手段正在形成。

From the perspective of these three indispensable factors, this article replaces the traditional "new verse" with "modern Chinese poetry" concept to investigate the historical continuity, characteristics of Chinese and the ontic characteristics of the poetry within the evolvement of poetry.

这样，现代汉诗的发生首先就牵涉到与中国知识分子的现代性宏伟目标、与汉语、与"诗打的观念、与西方语言特征的复杂关系。但诗歌作为一种特殊的言说，它的"发生"又是在个体经验、诗歌语言和特定的艺术形式之间展开的。这样，当我们辨析从晚清至"五四以来的诗歌文本，就会发现古典诗与现代诗在经验、语言和形式之间冲突与互动的丰富形态。

Lower estrogen level in females and lower testosterone level in males have been proved to be risk factors for AS. But organisms regulation and responsion to sex hormone level is an exquisite and complicated process with individual difference. It is not so simple as imaged by externally regulate sex hormone balance to prevent or delay the occurrence of AS. Great disputes exist in whether supplement of sex hormone, especially estrogen, can delay the occurrence and development of AS.

女性低雌激素状态，男性低睾酮状态已被多个临床研究证实是AS的易患因素之一，但由于机体对性激素水平的调节以及机体对性激素水平变化的应对是一个相当精细和复杂的过程且存在个体差异，试图通过外在地调整性激素平衡来预防或延缓AS发生并非象想象的那么简单，人为地补充性激素尤其是雌激素能否延缓AS发生与发展目前存在着争议。

Starting off from the "the agreement of language and expression" pursuit of late-Qing intellectuals and concrete poetry creation to the flourish of free verse written in vernacular during the May 4th Movement of 1919, the article reviews the complex genesic intertwinement and concrete view of modern Chinese poetry from the interactive angle of experience, language and form.

对这一形态的辨析，会发现&现代汉诗&的&发生&的内在机制和隐藏的问题。本文倾向于诗歌本体内部的语言、形式与现代性语境中的个体经验的纠结、互动对诗歌发生的影响：在论述方式上，注重的诗歌文本和语言、形式理论的分析。在晚清至&五四&这一中国现代知识分子追求现代性的语境下，本文试图通过对知识分子对新的汉语言说方式的追求和具体诗歌创作情况来考察&现代汉诗&的&发生&的语言脉络和形式依据。

The topology of NJ tree indicated that local population of wild boar are polyphyletic, and individuals from same local population are not monophyletic, and low confidence level was obtained.

根据共享等位基因距离构建的个体水平系统发生树也表明，中国大陆地区野猪的系统发生是复系发生，同一地方种群没有出现明显的单系群；系统发生树各分支长度几乎相等，未得到高的置信度支持。

It was different in the occurring time and quantity of dominant species: in early spring, there were more Psyllidaes in the dense planted area, but more main pests Opatrums and Scarabeidaes and their nature enemies Carabidaes and Spiders in the low planted area. After autumn, the quantity of Psyllidae was the largest in the low planted area, but the least in the dense planted area.

群落个体数稀植区在大部分时间内均高于其它2区。3个区的主要优势害虫及其天敌在发生时间和数量上有一定差异，早春密植区木虱发生数量较大，稀植区中砂潜、金龟子类害虫以及步甲、蜘蛛类天敌数量相对丰富，入秋后稀植区木虱发生量最大，密植区最小。

The results showed that there existed significant difference in RAPD between different biotypes as well as among individual BPHs, and genetic purifying could lessen this difference in the level of individuals but not in the level of biotypes.

结果发现：家系纯化对褐飞虱个体及生物型1和生物型2群体的致害力均有影响，个体间存在的致害力差异有所减小，但未能消除；两种生物型群体的致害力均显著下降，至第五代时对感虫对照TN1的致害力已分别下降了23%和16%，然而各自的致害特征并未发生根本性的变化，表明它们的致害特性是相对稳定的。

The fields overlap however in the science of phylogenetic systematics – colloquially often called "cladism" or "cladistics"–, where only phylogenetic trees are used to delimit taxa, which represent groups of lineage-connected individuals.

系统发生学与分类学的交互重叠区域是系统发生分类学，常俗称为&分支学说&或&遗传分类学&；在系统发生分类学中，只用系统发生树来定分类的界限，这些分类代表血统相关个体组成的群。

Since historical times,England ,where the early inhabitants were Celts, has been conquered three times .

从有历史以来，英国，在此地早期居住的是凯尔特人，已经被征服了三次。

Bluetooth OBEX File Transfer Enables the sending and receiving of files on your phone via Bluetooth.

蓝牙OBEX文件移动允许经过蓝牙传送和接受文件。。。。