查询词典 written guarantee

Chapter Two illustrates the nature of the international guarantee.At first,the writer analyses the meaning of collateral nature and its theoretical basis.Thewriter points out that in order to reinforce the protection of the guarantor'sinterest,the guarantee is located as collateral guarantee in all countries'traditional legislation.In other words,the validity of the guarantee contract isdetermined by the underlying contract,i.e.if the underlying contract isestablished,the guarantee contract is established,too;if the underlying contract isvalid,and the guarantee contract is valid too.It is true,otherwise.But thedoctrine of autonomy of private law dominates the civil law and commercial lawin all the countries,so the parties are permitted to alter the collateral nature of theguarantee by an agreement under the related laws worldwide.so the collateralnature of the guarantee is not the compulsory nature of the law.This lays a solidfoundation for the emerging of the independent guarantee.The writer thenanalyses the meaning of independence and the cause of the booming of theindependent guarantee.In fact,the independent guarantee was originated fromthe change of the collateral nature by the parties contract.As a result,the validityof the contract of independent guarantee is not determined by the underlyingcontract as the collateral guarantee,But the validity of the independent guaranteecontract is independent from the underlying contract,the establishment and thevalidity of the contract of independent guarantee are not subjected to theunderlying contract.

第二章对国际信用担保的法律属性进行了论述，首先分析了从属性的含义及其理论基础，指出虽然各国传统立法为了加强对保证人利益的保护，都将信用担保定位于从属保证，即保证合同的效力取决于主合同的效力，主合同成立，保证合同也成立，主合同生效，保证合同也生效；主合同不成立，保证合同也不成立，主合同不生效，保证合同也不生效，但是由于私法自治的精神主导着各国的民商法领域，各国立法都允许当事人通过合同约定对信用担保的从属性进行改变，所以保证的从属性从来就不是信用担保制度的法律强制属性，这也为独立保证制度的出现奠定了制度前提；其次分析了独立性的含义以及独立保证兴起的原因，独立保证实际上就是当事人通过合同约定对保证从属性的改变，使独立保证合同的效力不再象从属保证合同的效力那样取决于主合同的效力，而是使独立保证合同的效力独立于主合同的效力，独立保证合同成立不因主合同的不成立而受影响，也不因主合同的无效而无效。

Third, this paper theoretically demonstrates and analyzes the four assumptions of the preference theory of guarantee behavior of Chinese listed companies:(1) On the condition of guarantee behavior preference of Chinese listed companies shaped, Chinese listed companies take on the risks, duties and functions on evaluating and supervising the debtors which Chinese banks transfer to listed companies;(2) On the condition of guarantee behavior preference of Chinese listed companies shaped, the irrational financial and investmental psychology of the debtors bourgeons, and then, results in the appearance of irrational behaviors;(3) On the condition of guarantee behavior preference of Chinese listed companies shaped, the security screening system of bank is deformed, the "relation-security system" forms, and results finally that the self-develop system of the debtors becomes flabby;(4) On the condition of guarantee behavior preference of Chinese listed companies shaped, the "guarantee chains" and the "guarantee nets" give birth, and the "tool" function of guarantee,"guarantee chains" and "guarantee nets" forms.

第三，对中国上市公司担保行为偏好理论的&四大假说&进行了理论分析和验证：一是在中国上市公司担保行为偏好形成的情况下，上市公司承担了由银行通过保证担保转移过来的、对借款人进行评判和监督的风险、责任和职能；二是在中国上市公司担保行为偏好形成的情况下，借款人非理性投融资心理倾向萌发，并进而导致其非理性投融资行为产生；三是在中国上市公司担保行为偏好形成的情况下，银行担保筛选机制扭曲、&关系—担保机制&形成，并最终导致借款人&自强&功能弱化；四是在中国上市公司担保行为偏好形成的情况下，担保链、担保网得以催生以及保证担保、相互担保和担保网的工具性功能得以形成。

Subject to the conditions of this section and to such terms and conditions as the Administrator determines to be necessary to carry out the purposes of this title, the Administrator is authorized to guarantee, and to make commitments to guarantee, the principal and interest (including interest accruing between the date of default and the date of the payment in full of the guarantee) of any loan, obligation, or participation therein of any State, municipality, or intermunicipal or interstate agency issued directly and exclusively to the Federal Financing Bank to finance that part of the cost of any grant-eligible project for the construction of publicly owned treatment works not paid for with Federal financial assistance under this title, which project the Administrator has determined to be eligible for such financial assistance under this title, including, but not limited to, projects eligible for reimbursement under section 206 of this title. No guarantee, or commitment to make a guarantee, may be made pursuant to this section—(1) unless the Administrator certifies that the issuing body is unable to obtain on reasonable terms sufficient credit to finance its actual needs without such guarantee; and (2) unless the Administrator determines that there is a reasonable assurance or repayment of the loan, obligation, or participation therein. A determination of whether financing is available at reasonable rates shall be made by the Secretary of the Treasury with relationship to the current average yield on outstanding marketable obligations of municipalities of comparable maturity.

依于这个部分的条件和对如此期限和条件象管理员确定是必要执行这个标题的目的，管理员被批准保证，并且做承诺保证，主要和兴趣(包括兴趣累积在缺省日期和付款的日期之间充分保证)的任何贷款，义务，或参与在其中任何状态，自治市，或intermunicipal 或跨境代办处直接地和完全被发布对联邦财务银行提供经费一部分的任何授予合格的项目的费用为公开地拥有的治疗工作的建筑没被支付以联邦经济援助在这个标题之下，哪个项目管理员确定是有资袼这样的经济援助在这个标题之下没有保证，或承诺做保证，可以被做寻求这个部分(1)除非管理员证明发布的身体无法获得在合理的期限充足的信用提供经费给它的实际需要没有这样的保证；并且(2)除非管理员确定有贷款的合理的保证或偿还，义务，或参与在其中。

On the basis of questionnaire survey, interview and comparative studies of domestic and international practices, this dissertation, in terms of the credit financing guarantee theory and the principal-agent theory under asymmetrical information, discusses the necessity of introducing guarantee to GSSL and examines the following questions: why guarantee can solve the problems of high default rate and credit stinting, which kind of guarantee is suitable for GSSL, which body is fit for providing guarantee for GSSL and how to motivate the guarantor to accomplish the guarantee task of GSSL.

本文在问卷调查、访谈调查和国际比较研究的基础上，运用信息不对称下的信贷融资担保理论、委托—代理理论，论述将担保引入到国家助学贷款中的必要性，探究担保为何能够解决拖欠率高和银行惜贷问题、哪种担保方式适合国家助学贷款、哪些主体适合为国家助学贷款提供担保以及如何激励担保人做好国家助学贷款担保工作。

Now the Condition of the above-written Guarantee is such that if the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms provisions conditions and stipulations of the said Contract on the Contractor's part to be performed and observed in accordance with the true purport intent and meaning thereof or if on default by the Contractor the Guarantor shall satisfy and discharge the damages sustained by the Employer thereby up to the amount of the above-written Guarantee then this obligation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect but no alteration in terms of the said Contractor or in the extent or nature of the Works to be executed, completed and defects in the Works remedied thereunder and no allowance of time by the Employer of the Engineer under the said Contract nor any forbearance or forgiveness in or respect of any matter or thing concerning the said Contract of the part of the Employer or the said Engineer shall in any way release the Guarantor from any liability under the above-written Guarantee.

现在在之上书面保证的条件是这样如果承包商将执行和适当地将观察前述合同的所有期限供应条件和规定在承包商的零件执行和被观察与真实的主旨意向符合和意思因此或如果在缺省由承包商保人将满足和将释放损失由雇主遭受因此由相当数量在之上书面保证决定然后这义务将是除消并作废的但否则将是和将依然是在充分的力量和作用但没有改变根据前述承包商或在工作被执行，被完成和瑕疵的程度或本质在工作由工程师的雇主补救在其下和没有任一件问题或事容限时间根据前述合同亦不任一忍耐或饶恕或尊敬关于雇主或前述工程师的部份的前述合同在任何情况下发行将保人从任一个责任在在之上书面保证之下。

Tender guarantee, advance payment guarantee, project performance guarantee and the payment guarantee of the remaining balance of a project and other performance guarantee businesses.

投标担保、预付款担保、工程履约担保、尾付款如约偿付担保等履约担保业务。

The net that carry Cheng does not admit guarantee slip " have a holiday ", but also taking out guarantee slip from beginning to end is " true " proof, instead is the written response that bridge gentleman got restful company was issued on December 12, 2008, restful company shows in the reply: Via me department is checked carefully, the guarantee slip that you offer puts in following problems: 1, did not presswork be restricted to make work area; 2, true without the check that print code; 3, mistake of insurance time limit; 4, date of only evidence running water, guarantee slip date nots agree with my department writes regulation.

携程网不承认保单&有假&，但是也始终没有拿出保单是&真&的证明，反倒是梁先生得到了平安公司在2008年12月12日出具的书面回复，平安公司在回复中表示：经我司仔细核查，您所提供的保单存在如下问题：1、没有印刷限售地区；2、没有打印验真码；3、保险期限错误；4、单证流水号、保单号不符我司编写规则。

Its technology fetures include adopting plug-in technology and modulized structure to guarantee every component can be upgraded and added/removed alone; implementing 'push' mode backup by self-described data file structure to support light weight backup window and to visit backup client safely; adopting various kinds of standard TCP/IP-based internet agreement to guarantee it's expansibility; adopting XML-based message format to guarantee it's compatibility with previous versions; adopting unified resource management agreement to simplify the management of plug-in package and guarantee opening of functions.

它采用插件化、模块化技术保证各组件的单独升级和增删；采用自描述的数据档案结构实现了"推"备份模式来支持小备份窗口并保证了客户机的访问安全；采用基于TCP/IP之上的各种标准Internet协议来保证软件的可扩展性；采用基于XML的消息格式来保证软件升级换代的兼容性；采用统一的资源管理协议来简化软件插件的管理，保证软件功能的开放性。

Article 4 The term external guarantees used in these detailed rules refers to guarantees provided by institutions within the Chinese territory (hereinafter referred to as the guarantor) by way of producing guarantee letters, stand-by letters of credit, promissory notes, checks and drafts, mortgages by properties stipulated in Article 34 of the Guarantee Law of the PRC, hypothecation by moving properties according to provisions stipulated in Section 1 of Chapter 4 of the Guarantee Law of the PRC or by rights stipulated in Article 75 of Section 2 provided by institutions within the Chinese territory to institutions outside China or foreign-funded financial institutions inside China (creditors or beneficiaries, hereinafter referred to as the creditors) with the pledges that when the debtor (hereinafter referred to as the guaranteed) fails to repay the debts in line with the contract, the guarantors shall perform the obligations of payment or the creditors may put the mortgaged or hypothecated assets to auction according to the Guarantee Law and enjoy priority in getting compensations from the proceeds there-from.

第四条 《办法》所称对外担保，是指中国境内机构以保函、备用信用证、本票、汇票等形式出具对外保证，或者以《中华人民共和国担保法》中第三十四条规定的财产对外抵押或者以《担保法》第四章第一节规定的动产对外质押和第二节第七十五条规定的权利对外质押，向中国境外机构或者境内的外资金融机构（债权人或者受益人，以下称受益人）承诺，当债务人未按照合同约定履行义务时，由担保人履行义务；或者受益人依照《担保法》将抵押物或者质押物折价拍卖、变卖的价款优先受偿。

To ensure their normal interaction,a series of guarantee mechanisms is required,including the user guarantee mechanism to promote communication and cooperation,the resources guarantee mechanism to provide rich knowledge and the platform guarantee mechanism to increase the utilization effectiveness.

为了确保互动的良性运转，需要一定的保障机制，包括促进沟通协作的用户保障机制、提供丰富知识的资源保障机制及提高利用效果的平台保障机制。

I want to be a big fish in a small pond.

我要做一条在小池塘里的大鱼。

While the software functioned well, we did not feel the same about their customer support!

虽然该软件运行良好，我们没有同样的感觉他们的客户支持！