查询词典 western empire

The body has 2 sections , the first of which reaches into the Christianity" s influence upon the transformation of Western Europe to feudal society : In the early middle ages Western Europe , Christianity together with the traditional ruling class , had reunified the political power of Roman empire with the help of "Divine Right to govern";In the meanwhile , it had contributed to the ethnic unity of the Roman races and the feudalization of Western Europe ; while the other section deals with the Christianity" s impact upon the transformation of Western Europe to capitalism : in the Late Middle Ages , Western Europe , with the emergence of cities , some social changes had taken place .

正文又分为两个部分：Ⅰ。基督教在西欧向封建社会转型中的作用：在西欧中世纪早期，基督教不仅为日尔曼人的统治提供了一套完备的思想理论体系，而且为孕育于两种不同背景下文化的融合搭起了桥梁，并在此基础上促成了西欧封建制的最终形成。Ⅱ。基督教在西欧向资本主义社会转型中的作用：中世纪后期，随着城市的兴起，西欧社会发生了一系列变化。

The institutionalist economist Douglass North deems that the fundamental causes of the rise of western world are due to the formation of the private property rights system and the modern industrial organization, a political scientist of Paul Kennedy thinks that the rise of the western world come from political competition of the nation-states of the western Europe, and the historian Wallerstein believes that the collapse of the Roman Empire and the conflict between the Vatican and the secular monarchs in pre-modern Europe have create some rare opportunities for the economic growth in the western Europe in the modern time.

欧洲不是只有一个'帝国公司'，而是有许多的'君主公司'、'诸侯公司'和'城市国家公司'。新出现的民族国家的政治领导人之间开展竞争，每个国家都基于保持从商人阶级那里获得收入和信贷，也都意识到允许邻国增加和扩充军事力量的财政能力的危险性。

The introduction first briefly reviews Western Europe\'s universal order of "recht" in middle ages: As independent political units, the city, the manor, the church parish, the ligeance and so on were set in a rank order, the relations between each rank were established in legal form, empire represented the highest rank, and simultaneously played an arbitrator\'s role, was the arbitrator of political units subordinated to the emperor. All of these ranks were placed in natural order created by God, thus, the Christianity religious doctrine had provided the final validity for the universal legal orders; then the symbiotic of the political evolution and the legal transformation will be discussed. Western jurisprudence resided in the Church during the middle Ages, after entering into modern era, resorted to the state."State" instead of "empire" became the basic concept of modem law, and new order of "recht" was bound to make legitimate argumentation for the nation; finally, the background and sketches of this article is explained. It will trace and analyze intrinsic evolution of the idea of legal order in the background of concrete politics--especially the geopolitics, inspects how the different nation-states split up from universal Christianly world and obtain their independence, inspecting differences of respective national path, the fit or unfit quality and the success or failure in this process.

导论首先简要回顾西欧中世纪大一统的法权秩序：作为独立政治单元的各城市、庄园、教区、领地等被镶嵌在一个等级秩序中，各个等级之间以法律的形式来确立相互之间的关系，帝国代表最高等级，同时扮演仲裁人的角色，是臣属其下的各个政治单元之间的仲裁者，而帝国等级又被安置在上帝创造的自然秩序中，因而，是基督教教义为大一统的法权秩序提供了最终的合法性；接着指出西欧政治演变与法权变革的共生性：西方法学在中世纪寄身于教会之中，进入近代以后则投靠了国家，"国家"代替"帝国"，成为近代法学构造的基本概念，新的法权秩序必然围绕民族国家展开；最后说明本文的论述方式和基本思路：本文将在具体的政治——特别是地缘政治——的背景中，追踪和解析法权观念的内在演变，由此进一步****不同民族国家内、异质的法权秩序如何从过去大一统的世界中分化剥离并获得独立，并试图检讨这一过程中不同民族道路的差异、优劣和得失。

But when the separation of East and West became wider, and the Latin-speaking Western Empire began to live with an intellectual life of its own, its deference to the East was all at once exchanged for the agitation of a number of questions entirely foreign to Eastern speculation.

但是，当东方和西方的分离一天天地扩大，操拉丁语的西罗马帝国开始生活在其自己的精神生活中时，它对东方的谦逊突然为东方理论所完全不熟悉的许多问题的议论所代替。

Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire in the Western Roman Empire still exist after the collapse of the eastern half of the Roman Empire.

拜占庭帝国，或东罗马帝国是在西罗马帝国崩溃后依然存在的罗马帝国东半部。

In the plain of the iron age, large farming Qin Empire and the Western Roman Empire, becoming high suspended in the human history of the sky, while two Sun into Eastern and Western civilization of Jung-won.

在古朴粗犷的铁器农耕时代，大秦帝国与西方罗马帝国一起，成为高悬于人类历史天空的两颗太阳，同时成为东西方文明的正源。

The introduction first briefly reviews Western Europe\'s universal order of "recht" in middle ages: As independent political units, the city, the manor, the church parish, the ligeance and so on were set in a rank order, the relations between each rank were established in legal form, empire represented the highest rank, and simultaneously played an arbitrator\'s role, was the arbitrator of political units subordinated to the emperor. All of these ranks were placed in natural order created by God, thus, the Christianity religious doctrine had provided the final validity for the universal legal orders; then the symbiotic of the political evolution and the legal transformation will be discussed. Western jurisprudence resided in the Church during the middle Ages, after entering into modern era, resorted to the state."State" instead of "empire" became the basic concept of modem law, and new order of "recht" was bound to make legitimate argumentation for the nation; finally, the background and sketches of this article is explained. It will trace and analyze intrinsic evolution of the idea of legal order in the background of concrete politics--especially the geopolitics, inspects how the different nation-states split up from universal Christianly world and obtain their independence, inspecting differences of respective national path, the fit or unfit quality and the success or failure in this process.

导论首先简要回顾西欧中世纪大一统的法权秩序：作为独立政治单元的各城市、庄园、教区、领地等被镶嵌在一个等级秩序中，各个等级之间以法律的形式来确立相互之间的关系，帝国代表最高等级，同时扮演仲裁人的角色，是臣属其下的各个政治单元之间的仲裁者，而帝国等级又被安置在上帝创造的自然秩序中，因而，是基督教教义为大一统的法权秩序提供了最终的合法性；接着指出西欧政治演变与法权变革的共生性：西方法学在中世纪寄身于教会之中，进入近代以后则投靠了国家，&国家&代替&帝国&，成为近代法学构造的基本概念，新的法权秩序必然围绕民族国家展开；最后说明本文的论述方式和基本思路：本文将在具体的政治——特别是地缘政治——的背景中，追踪和解析法权观念的内在演变，由此进一步****不同民族国家内、异质的法权秩序如何从过去大一统的世界中分化剥离并获得独立，并试图检讨这一过程中不同民族道路的差异、优劣和得失。

From about 550 to 630, the Khazars were ruled by the K?k Turks. They gradually got away from the Western Turkish Empire after the middle of the 7th century and successfully established an independent country. In the early 8th centuries, the Khazars became a formidable political power through outward expansion activities, and finally established a hugeous empire in the southern Russian steppe on the foudation of the Western Turkish Empire's home land.

大约在550年至630年间，哈扎尔人仍处在西突厥帝国的统治之下。7世纪中期以后，他们逐渐摆脱西突厥帝国的统治，建立起自己独立的国家。8世纪初期，哈扎尔人在继承西突厥帝国故地的基础上，通过一系列的对外扩张活动，逐渐发展成为一股强大的政治力量，最终在南俄草原上建立起一个庞大的帝国。

The rough translations of the "Four Books" and other Chinese classical works by Western missionaries, and the publication of Pere du Halde's Description Geographique, Historique, Chronologique, Politique, et Physique de I' Empire de la Chine revealed an exotic culture to Western readers, and sparked a "China fever," during which the eyes of many Western intellectuals were fixed on China.

西方传教士对《四书》等中国经典的粗略翻译，以及杜赫德的《中华帝国志》等书对中国的介绍，在西方读者的眼前展现了一个异域文明，在当时及稍后一段时期引起了一场&中国热&，许多西方大思想家的眼光都曾注目中国文化。

A study of forms, contents, languages, themes, and styles in western literature and literary works from the Roman Empire period to the present day. Focus is on the value and the importance of Western literature and the background of time that connect literary work with Western spiritual culture. Contemporary

研究罗曼时期至今的西方文学以及各种形式的文学作品，范围涉及文学作品的形式、内容、语言、构思以及西方文学的写作风格、价值和重要性等，另外还包括了使西方人的精神文化与西方文学作品相联在一起的时代背景。

Objective To investigate the effects of interleukin-1 β converting enzyme gene on the biologic characteristics of ovarian cancer cells.

目的 探讨白细胞介素-1 β转换酶的表达，对卵巢癌细胞生物学特性的影响。

Campylobacter: This illness is the most commonly identified cause of diarrheal illness in the world.

弯曲：这种病是最常见的原因查明腹泻病，在世界上。