查询词典 surface area

Normally the surface tension of the tap water is about $ 72 Dyne, the surface tension of offset printing ink and 30-36 Dyne, you must control the surface tension of the fountain solution to ink in the same degree of surface tension, to achieve a balanced and stable to control the degree of emulsive innovativeink.

凡是自来火的暗不天压力约为72达因，胶印油墨的暗不天压力约为30-36达因，务必把持好润版液的暗不天压力使其与油墨的暗不天压力在不异火平，使二者到达不均安定以把持油墨的乳化火平。

When generating the first layer of elements, the nodes on the interior surface are generated by projecting the nodes on the exterior surface along the normal direction of the exterior surface onto the interior or surface.

将未划分区域的边界继续向内偏置，划分新的单元，和第一层划分时直接将外边界上节点向内投射不同，以后的内边界曲面上的节点和表面四边形单元是直接划分的。

The relation of the surface shape error to f-number and relevant spherical radius was achieved according to the reducing analysis model ignoring the local f-number. Two kinds of rhombic prism model are established by ZEMAX. According to the simulation results from ZEMAX, the correctness and limitation of the former methods are proved and analyzed. The results are used to analyze the effect of the surface shape error of the rhombic prism on parallelism of the emergent beam. The assignation plan of the surface shape error for each working surface is presented.

根据忽略局部光圈数的简化分析模型，获得面形误差对应光圈数与相关球面半径的关系，通过几何处理方法，求得一定面形误差对应的球面半径与平面倾角的关系，将斜方棱镜的工作面倾斜一定角度，运用折射定理，将具体面形误差转化为相应平面的倾斜角度，得到出射光相对于理想光轴的倾斜角度及其关系式，并在ZEMAX中建立斜方棱镜的两种模型。

When a capillary tube, in whose inner hole an optical fiber has been fixed and whose axial deviation amount between an outer peripheral surface of the capillary tube and a core center of an end surface of the optical fiber is 1.5 mum or less, is inserted into the insertion portion of the thin tube and the end surface of the optical fiber is fixed at a position at which a distance of the end surface to a focal point position of the partially spherical lens becomes -40 mum or less, emission light has an emission light bend of 0.2 DEG or less with respect to the center axis of the thin tube.

当将光纤固定在内孔且外周面与光纤的端面的纤芯中心的轴偏移量在1.5μm以内的毛细管插入细管的插入部，并且将光纤的端面固定于部分球面透镜的焦点位置±40μm以内的距离的位置上时，出射光曲率为出射光相对细管中心轴在0.2°以内。

The merit of the invention are: 1 adopting free curved surface imaging method , three part reflection type Zernike polynomial free curved surface forms short focal distance bigger, relative apertures bigger fields of view angle imaging , rectifying optical aberration much better and its structure is simple; 2 adopting the reflection structure without optical lens, has removed the effect of various chromatic aberration , guarantee the imaging articulation; 3 adopt the design of short focal distance big fields of view angle, focal distance 8 - 15 mm, field of view angles 100 -135 degree, having 120 times multiplications under 250 mm imaging distance, having ultra-thin characteristic property; 4 adopting big relative apertures design ,the relative aperture is 2.0-2.4, having improved the illuminance of flat surface; 5 adopting image space telecentric imaging method , ensures that the image surface irradiance is homogeneous.

本发明的优点是：1采用自由曲面成像方法，三片反射式Zernike多项式自由曲面形成短焦距大相对孔径大视场角成像，更好地校正像差，结构简单；2采用无透镜形式的反射式结构，消除了各种色差影响，保证成像清晰度；3采用短焦距大视场角设计，焦距8～15mm，具有100～135度的视场角，在250mm成像距离下有120倍的放大倍数，具有超薄特性；4采用大相对孔径设计，相对孔径为2.0～2.4，提高像平面上的光照度；5采用像方远心成像方法，保证像面辐照度均匀。

Surface ozone data of Mauna Loa and the other 14 monitoring sites of altitude lower than 1000 m in the northern hemisphere were used to give a joint discussion for the distribution and variation features of surface O3. The data, based on ground observation, were collected, processed, and distributed by WDCGG (World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases) in GAW. The monthly mean and hourly data of surface ozone in these 15 sites were analyzed to sum up the difference of surface ozone annual and seasonal variations in different areas of the northern hemisphere.

利用来自GAW（Global Atmosphere Watch，全球大气监测）的、由WDCGG World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases，世界温室气体数据中心）收集整理和发布的、基于地基观测的北半球共15个站点的地面O3含量的逐月观测资料以及逐时观测资料，分析、对比并总结了北半球不同经纬度各区域的地面O3含量的年变化和各个季节的日变化规律。

After analyzing the curvature of the forming surface and the relativ emotion between the forming surface and the curved tooth surface during envelope tooth cutting,the authors work out the equations for calculating the induced normal curvature and geodesic deflection,the principal curvature and direction of the tooth surface of this kind of circular-arc gear .

通过对产形面曲率和包络切齿时产形面与齿曲面相对运动关系的分析，推导出双向圆弧齿轮齿面的诱导法曲率、诱导短程挠率和齿面的主曲率、主方向等计算公式。

The main results of the investigation are as following:(1) Some important criteria for the design of multi-layer structure are acquired: the ratio of the layer thickness to the contact diameter should be controlled to a value about 0.8; increasing the number of the gradient layers and elasticity modulus of the top layer would benefit to the yield strength and the stress status at the interface.（2）By means of molecular dynamics simulations for a indentation and sliding process, it is discovered that dislocations of 45 direction to the surface occur in the surfaces layer, which is correspond to the direction of the plastic flows observed in the macroscopic continuous medium. The irreversible deformation caused by the dislocation and the atom piles at the surface are responsible for the irreversibility of the force response. They are also the main factors for the friction generation. The temperature and the indentation velocity have significant effects on the deformation behaviors of the material of the surface layer. The yield strength would increase obviously if the indentation velocity is greater than 10 m/s.（3）A method to evaluate the fracture toughness of coating by estimating the crack-density functionβof a Wicker''s indentation was proposed. Meanwhile a new surface treatment technology was developed using non-equilibrium plasma.（4）A MD-FE hybrid method and corresponding software was developed to analysis the tribological behaviors for multiplayer system.

研究主要内容和结果有：（1）得到指导梯度膜设计的几个准则：控制膜层厚度与接触半径比在0.8左右为宜；适当增加梯度层层数和顶层弹性模量，有利于提高抗屈服能力和改善界面处的应力状态；（2）通过对嵌入和滑动摩擦过程的分子动力学模拟，发现表层产生一个与宏观连续介质的塑性流动方向观测一致的45 方向位错；位错造成的不可逆变形和表面的原子堆积，是力的响应不可逆性的原因，也是构成摩擦力的主要因素；温度和嵌入速度对材料变形特性有显著的影响，当嵌入速度大于10 m/s时，屈服强度明显增加；（3）提出压痕裂纹密度系数β半定量判定膜层断裂韧性的方法；并开发出表面强化新工艺；（4）开发出分析表面摩擦学特性的MD-FE复合模拟方法和相应模拟软件。

By anchoring an imaginary spring between each data point and deformable curve or surface, the fairing model is established. Then FEM is used to solve the deformation problem of the model caused by imaginary springs and a bicubic B-spline surface patch is taken as one element. Lastly the B-spline active surface model is applied to surface reconstruction from layer data and the problem resulted from fitting for uneven cross-sectional curves can be solved.

通过在数据点与模型之间连接虚拟弹簧，建立光顺模型，并以双三次B样条曲面片作为单元，运用有限元法对模型在虚拟弹簧作用下的变形问题进行求解，得到光顺后的B样条曲面；并在此基础上，提出了一种新的基于断层数据的表面重建方法，可很好地解决不均匀截面族的曲面生成问题。

The existence of surface electronic states is an intrinsic property of the surface and many properties and processes happening on the surface of the materials are closely related to the surface states and their energy distribution and space distribution.

表面电子态的存在是表面固有的性质，材料的许多性质和发生在表面的过程都与表面态及其能量分布，空间分布有关。

Tom: You are right, he worked hard all the time.

你是对的。他一直都是努力工作。

Take shortcomings,failures,and mockings of others as commonplace and a drive to complete oneself,hold your own opinion over the evalution and disscution divested from others,afterwards sink into the state of eliminate mistakes if any or encourge oneself being not being influenced by the sayinngs of others or having no ideas to do.

把缺点、失败及别人的耻笑等看成是一种常事，当成完善自己的动力，对别人的评价和议论自己心中有主见，做到&有则改之，无则加勉&，不为人言所左右或无所适从。