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We used ITO glass substrate and high purity（99.99%） titanium , put to use sputtering process, add to high purity O2 make it complete the best structure film and the thickness about 1400 . By way of 500℃ anneal could got a better anatase phase, this result could easy reaction with electrolyte to increase electron-transferred. Used as spin casting covering PR on ITO substrate, transferring patterns of array circular shapes on a mask to photography, used optimize temperature and time to hard bake. Finally used HCl to etching underexposed TiO2 area, and acetone to tripper top PR, make it to accomplish pillars shape TiO2 electrode.

本研究使用ITO玻璃基板为底材在以高纯度钛(99.99%)为靶材，利用溅镀方式通入纯氧使其行成高纯度TiO2镀於ITO基板上行成厚度约1400的薄膜，且经500℃高温烧结使其行成最强的锐钛矿结晶相，此晶相有利於与电解液反应进而增加电子的转移，提升太阳能电池最佳的效率，在以旋转涂布方式铺上光阻，以矩阵排列的圆孔光罩曝光、最佳的温度及时间来烘烤、显影后；使用盐酸以等向性湿蚀刻方式蚀刻未曝光之TiO2区域，最后利用鈵铜将最上层光阻去除，使其行成柱状TiO2的电极。

This paper is concerned with plasma properties of a vacuum arc discharge with the titanium cathode. Electric probe characteristics are measured as a function of substrate bias voltage near substrate region.

本文运用Lansmuir静电探针技术，对真空电弧镀膜过程中，基片鞘层附近区域的电子能量电子密度值及其受基片偏压影响而改变的关系进行了实验测量。

In this study, the effects on the growth of cabbage, Chinese cabbage and rape planted on fly ash plus vinasse substrate and fly ash plus sewage sludge substrate were studied and the remediation of cabbage, Chinese cabbage and rape on heavy metal Cd, Cu and Zn was discussed by calculating absorption coefficient, transmission coefficient and absorption modulus.

该文研究了粉煤灰加酒糟和粉煤灰加污泥两种基质对甘蓝、小白菜和油菜生长的影响，并通过计算吸收系数、转运系数和吸收模量讨论了甘蓝、小白菜和油菜对基质中重金属Cd、Cu、Zn的修复情况。

The interaction is weak in the case of Cu on Fe substrate and that of Fe on Cu substrate.

发现无论是Cu与Fe衬底，还是Fe与Cu衬底之间，其相互作用都很弱，不存在界面扩散和反应。

Theresults show that for the yttria stabilized ZrO2 substrate,the presence of an ECO buffer layer improves the crystalline quality of the YBCO film,while a negative effect is observed for the SrTiO3 substrate.

用透射电镜、扫描隧道显微镜和原子力显微镜对薄膜和衬底间的界面，薄膜的螺旋生长结构，YBCO薄膜及其相应衬底的表面形貌进行了观察和测量。

Theoretical analysis reveals that the reaction of the immobilized enzyme of low substrate concentration may be approximated to be of first order, while that of high substrate concentration to be of zero order.

经过对固定化酶反应动力学理论分析可知，实验条件下的低基质浓度区内测定的固定化酶反应可近似地作为一级反应，而在高基质浓度区内测定的固定化酶反应可近似地作为零级反应。

For example, the lead zirconate titanate with exellent ferroelectric properties should be integrated onto silicon substrate at low substrate temperature at which the integration circuit can not be damaged.

但是，目前铁电薄膜的制备工艺一般要经过600℃以上的热处理，然而硅MOS器件所能承受的最高温度为450℃。

In our experimental results, we have transferred the GaAs solar cells from GaAs substrates onto the mirror-coated copper substrates with the base layer thickness of 1.5 μm. The photovoltaic performance of the orginal GaAs solar cell on a GaAs substrate was also measured. Under AM1.5G and without anti-reflective coatings conditions, it is found that the Jsc can increase from 12.6 mA/cm2 to 13.82 mA/cm2, while the conversion efficiency can improve from 7.91% to 8.53%. As a result, the enhanced Jsc and η data of the GaAs solar cells can be contributed by the AuGe/Au mirror between the GaAs solar cell and copper substrate.

在实验验证方面，本实验室将砷化镓太阳电池由砷化镓基板转移至铜基板上，在基极厚度1.5 μm、AM 1.5G、以及元件未披覆抗反射膜的条件下，短路电流密度可由12.6 mA/cm2提升至13.82 mA/cm2，增加9.7%，而转换效率则可由7.91%提升为8.53%，这结果显示当砷化镓太阳电池基极底部镀有金属反射层时，的确能适度地提升太阳电池的短路电流密度及转换效率。

It was increased ethyl hexanoate synthesis substrate concentration mediated by Rhizopus chinensis 2113 whole-cell lipase after improved synthetic activity and optimized reaction condition. The reaction condition were: caproic acid concentration 2.4mol/L, substrate molar concentration ratio 1:1.1, initial water content ≤0.2%, lipase water activity 0.3~0.66, enzyme amount 16%, reaction temperature 30℃, agitation speed 150 r/min.

通过合成酶活的提高及反应条件的优化，提高了华根霉2113全细胞脂肪酶催化己酸乙酯合成的反应底物浓度，其反应条件为：己酸浓度为2.4mol/L；酸醇摩尔浓度比1：1.1；反应体系含水量≤0.2%；脂肪酶水活度0.3～0.66；加酶量16%；反应温度30℃；150r/min振荡反应。

By the analysis of HPLC,the amount of ganoderic acids in the fermentation broth was more abundant when cultured in Coix lachryma-jobi substrate than cultured in synthenic liquor substrate.

分析了主要活性物质在灵芝发酵前后的变化，结果表明：以薏苡仁为基质进行灵芝发酵后的发酵产物，其粗脂肪的总量有所下降，但亚油酸的含量升高；经 HPLC 分析，与以清液进行的灵芝发酵相比，以薏苡仁为基质进行的灵芝发酵在粗灵芝酸组成上是有差异的，合成的种类也更为丰富。

Connectors are lines that can be anchored to particular places, called glue points , on the graphic object.

连接符，可固定在图形对象的特定的地方的线条。

Another way of putting it, too many agents have a say in each other's work, and bureaucratic rigor mortis sets in.

另一种表达是，太多的作用物在彼此的工作里都有话语权，官僚的僵尸开始抬头。