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Four-node degenerated shell element and rigid shell element are used in our FEM model.Updated Lagrange formulation and rate form constitutive equation are adopted to solve the problem of large strain and large rotation in sheet forming process.Sheet metal material property is described by plastic anisotropy yielding model and isotropic hardening model.Master surface-slave surface contact model is used to define the contact between tools and blank.Contact constraints are enforced with a kinematic algorithm and friction stress is computed by Coulomb friction law.Dynamic relaxation method is used to treat springback after forming stroke.

四结点蜕化壳单元和刚体壳单元分别用来建立板和模具的有限元模型；更新Lagrange法和速率型本构关系被用来处理板料变形中的大应变和大转动；材料模型采用塑性各向异性屈服与等向强化模型；通过主从面模型定义板料和模具的接触，接触算法采用运动约束法，摩擦力用库仓定律计算；并利用动力松弛法对回弹过程进行了计算。

In chapter six, A finite element model to evaluate the mechanics properties of thin wall structure is put forwards. The 4-node quadrilateral Hughes-Liu shell element with five through-the-thickness integration points is employed. The material is assumed to satisfy the elastic-plastic yield condition with isotropic hardening. The single surface contact algorithm is taken to deal with the contact searching. The priori stabilization procedures for the numerical control of the hourglass instability and the penalty method for the evaluation of contact force are used. The classical Coulomb law of friction is employed to evaluate the friction force.

第六章采用法向方向5点积分的4节点Hughes-Liu壳单元，前置参数法砂漏控制技术，等向强化弹塑性材料模型，分步增量应力回映方法，一体化接触搜寻算法，罚参数接触力计算方法及经典摩擦定律，建立了一种计算受冲薄壁结构大变形力学特性计算的有限元模型，通过对汽车A传动轴及汽车纵向方形吸能梁的大变形力学特性分析，验证了该有限元模型的正确性。

The paper builds finite element model of portal crane jib system using girder element, besides it presents its principles and process so that the foundation of this method is established. Besides, the paper builds the model in APDL which is easier to modify and administrate.

运用有限元分析软件ANSYS8.1对门座起重机的臂架系统建立有限元模型，给出了用梁单元建立有限元模型的原则和步骤，为今后用梁单元进一步开展门座起重机的有限元分析奠定基础，而且采用APDL语言可以实现参数化建模，对于模型易于修改、便于管理。

3D finite element model of concrete pavement in transverse joint with dowel bar s or without dowel bar s is established by 3D finite element numerical analysis method.

建立接缝无传力杆及设传力杆时水泥混凝土面层结构的三维有限元模型，运用数值分析方法，分析接缝处水泥混凝土面层的荷载应力、弯沉值和弯沉差，研究了地基模量、传力杆直径对荷载应力及弯沉差的影响规律，并对条件相同的计算结果进行了对比分析。

Curve is the mellow element of female and the most typical element. The stylists leave their psychic idea with the sculpture of product by their illusion. The users can enjoy the show of the goods, and get the joviality of spirit.

曲线美是女性柔美的元素、最典型之元素，设计师们通过自我的幻想，把自己设计精神理念寄托在设计的产品造型上，并使得使用者在使用物品时除了享受物品外观、造型美的同时，并得到精神上的愉悦。

This is introduced in detail the takeoff and landing phase of flight operations, and then international flight safety foundation decrease in nearly landing accident research experts group to reduce the accidents in nearly landing stage of hair into nearly landing stage risk awareness, summarizes the checklist checklist five risk factors, on the basis of detailed analyses each element of each element, points out the various risk factors.

本文较为详细地推荐le起飞和降落阶段中的飞行操作，接着结合国际飞行安全基金会减少进近着陆事故研究专家工作组为减少进近着陆阶段的事故发制定的进近着陆阶段的风险意识检查单，概述了检查单中的五项风险要素，在此基础上详细分析了每项要素，指出每项要素中的各条风险因素。

In general, this issue belongs to the category of environmental history. While when it comes to some specific issues, trace element in soil is the cut-in point to study the changes of Chinese ancient society. At the present time, such research method hasn\'t been applied in history studies domestic and abroad so far. Therefore, the studies of the paper are only exploratory and immature researches.Three issues are concerned here:lTrace element in soil under geographical environment and the Hun and the Hsienpei\'s levirate.

本文主要探讨地理环境下的土壤微量元素与中国古代社会变迁的关系问题；在总体上，这一专题是属于环境史的范畴；但在具体问题上，则是以地理环境下的土壤微量元素问题做为切入点，来研究中国古代社会变迁问题的；就目前的情况看，这种研究方法在国内外历史学的研究中尚无先例；所以，本文的相关研究只能是带有一些探索性的、不成熟的研究。

The appearance of the specific levirate custom existing in the Hun and the Hsienpei Tungusic in Han and Wei dynasties is the inevitable results of the laws of geographical environment and social development. Living in the high latitudes and dry cold inland areas, plus being heavily short of virtual zinc, a trace element in soil, lead to a high death rate of child-bearing age women. In order to guarantee a normal birth-rate, the Hun and Hsienpei Tungusic had to adopt levirate to ensure healthy child-bearing age women to give birth to offspring as many as they can.2 Trace element in soil under geographical environment and the cultural process of Huang-huai-hai Plain(the Yellow River, Huai River and Hai River ) in historical period.

本文具体的研究涉及三个问题：地理环境下的土壤微量元素与匈奴、鲜卑的"收继婚"问题：我认为汉魏时期匈奴和鲜卑族中特有的"收继婚"俗的产生，是地理环境和社会发展规律相互作用的必然产物；由于匈奴、鲜卑所处纬度高、气候干燥而寒冷的内陆地区，加之土壤微量元素中严重缺乏有效锌，因而造成了育龄妇女的大量死亡，以致为了保证正常的种的繁衍，匈奴和鲜卑不得不采取"收继婚"的婚姻形式，来确保健康的育龄妇女尽可能的去生育后代。

After the fatigue curve with 50% reliability and a few fatigue test results of a crane element have been known, the method, namely JFKC method, in this paper can be used to get the fatigue limiting stress distribution of this crane element quickly, based on the Miner Hypothesis and.

本文在已知某种起重机零件可靠度为50%的疲劳曲线并有了该种零件的少量试件的疫劳试验结果的条件下，以作者提出的修正的曼耐尔假设和抛物线假设为基础，提出了起重机零件疲劳极限应力分布的快速测定法——JFKC*法。

The 5th Element Air Shock is one of many products we carry from the 5th Element line.

第五部分是空的震动，许多产品线，我们进行的第五部分。

Many will continue to choose to live in duality and in conflict.

许多人将继续选择活在二元对立性和冲突中。

I find that students of the University of Physical Education all wear sportswear at first sight.

我发现：体育大学的学生乍一看，都是穿运动衣，大家都一样