查询词典 problems

This thesis studies a widely used first order optimzation algorithm--Sequential Linear Programming method, SLP is modify so that it can solve structural and shape optimization problems more efficiently, including continuous and dsicrete variables problems. Finally the zeroth order optimization method is presented for two dimensional shape optimization problems.

本研究将从一般广为设计者所采用的一次最佳化方法--线性序列规划法的修正研究，以使其更稳定且更有效率地解决在一般结构与形态最佳化问题，包含有连续式及非连续式设计变数的最佳化问题演算过程，最后应用零次最佳化方法概念在二维形态最佳化设计上。

Many methods are used to solve nonlinear problems, their rate of convergence is quick, for example, Newton-moser method, King-werner method, they are attentioned widely because of the quick rate of convergence. While these methods are used to solve singular problems, the rate of convergence is slow, it is discommodious for us to solve practical problems.

有许多方法在求解非奇异问题时，它们的收敛率是很快的，有些甚至能达到二次收敛，例如Newton-Moser法、King-werner法，这是所熟知的，因其收敛速度快，并且简单易用而广受重(来源：AB17C论文dddd网www.abclunwen.com)视。

They had various kinds of physical and psychological problems, which were physical problems such as faucitis, digestive system disorder, centrum sickness, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular sickness and neurasthenic, and psychological problems such as anxiety, compulsion, dysphoria and off color, and sub-health Condition such as fatigue and insomnia.

各种相关身心问题较多，常见健康问题包括咽喉炎、肠胃类疾病、颈椎和腰椎类疾病、心脑血管疾病、神经衰弱等生理健康问题，以及焦虑、强迫、烦躁、精神不振等心理健康问题，同时还存在疲劳、失眠等亚健康问题。

After analyzing the cause of uncertainty in the process of oil-field development, the uncertainty problems in reservoir description, residual oil distribution, oil production prediction and plan of oil increscent measurement were taken as examples to show that uncertainty method is the key to solve those problems. Many uncertainty methods such as random modeling, fuzzy mathematics, mathematical statistics and optimization were introduced in the application of solving uncertainty problems in the oil-field development.

在分析油田开发不确定性问题来源的基础上，以油田开发过程中的油藏描述、剩余油分布、油田产量预测和增产措施宏观规划等典型不确定性问题为例，说明了解决这类问题的有效手段为采用不确定性方法，包括随机建模技术、模糊数学、数理统计和最优化等方法；并逐～介绍了这些方法在解决油田开发不确定性问题中的应用。

This thesis starts with analysis of the practical advantages of electronic business comparing with the traditional ones and the basic conditions of developing electronic business. It claims that taxation is a difficult point of electronic business, and points out fell main problems of taxation on the reference of methods of basic problems coped with electronic business by some international organizations and governments. On the base of this, it attempts to point out the basic clues of resolving the problems in commercial taxation of China today and our counter-measures and suggestions. And this can serve for the administration of taxation in China, promoting it to link with internation as soon as possible and become one of the strong countries, which is internationlization ineconomic information.

本文从分析电子商务与传统商务相比较的现实优越性及发展电子商务的基本条件入手，认为税收问题是电子商务的难点；并通过借鉴国际组织和各国政府对电子商务税收问题的基本处理作法，进一步提出电子商务中的几个主要税收问题；在此基础上，通过借鉴国际上对电子商务税收问题处理的基本经验和作法，试图提出解决现阶段我国电子商务税收问题的基本思路和应采取的对策与建议，以期使我国税收管理尽快与国际相接轨，迎头赶上国际经济信息化发展的新浪潮。

These environmental problems including the urban and rural problems, geological problems and roadblocks, physiognomy and lightningproof etc.

这些环境问题包括城乡之分、路障问题、地质问题、地貌问题和防雷问题等。

During the process of the detailed argument, the author of this paper, by giving over the current situation of the financial investment system of higher education and its evolution, draws the conclusion that the seriously insufficient investment from the governmental finance and the unformed pluralism of the financial investment system of higher education are the main problems of the financial investment system of higher education in our country. Through the deep analysis of the current situation of the financial investment system of higher education in our country and the problems of it, this paper draws the conclusion that it is the imperfection of the laws for the financial investment system of higher education and the misposition of the educational management by governments that cause these problems. Based on the experiences of the western developed countries such as the USA and Japan in the financial investment system of higher education, this paper puts forward the strategy to improve it, with its focus on perfecting the laws for the financial investment system of higher education and the carrying out of the pluralism of the investment system of higher education.

在具体论述过程中，通过对高等教育财政投资体制的现状及演变过程的回顾，从而得出政府财政投入严重不足与高等教育财政多元化投资体制的内外环境尚不成熟，是我国高等教育财政投资体制的现实背景与存在的主要问题的研究结论；通过对我国高等教育财政投资体制现状与问题的深入分析，从而得出高等教育财政投入法律制度的不完善与政府教育管理职能的错位，是导致存在各种问题的主要原因的研究结论；在借鉴美国、日本等西方发达国家高等教育财政投资体制经验的基础上，提出了完善教育产业属性下高等教育财政投资体制的对策，并将论述的重点定位于完善高等教育财政投资的法律体系与实现高等教育投资体制的多元化。

Beijing environmental problems hold severe, and atmospheric and water pollute, soil and water loss, hot island and yawp are leading problems,and take on territorial characteristic. Based on research on relativity between urban forest and these environmental problems, urban forest can effective improve environmental quality in Beijing. And for the aim of improve environmental quality, Beijing forest overlay should attain 35% at least in citywide range, and local-areas being severe environmental problem should be provided with higher forest overlay.5. Through the study on urban forest needed capacity, Beijing's forest coverage is up to par in citywide range, but montanic forest coverage, plain covered with trees and average forest area are lacking, and CO2 and O2 balance is incapable;form the point of heat and balance CO2 and O2 balance,urban forest the city zone and suburb is lack. There is urban forest developmental potential space,but the city zone and suburb area need be compensated form urban forest in circumjacent region.6. On the based of the above results and ecological network system, the author drived whole region into city area, plain and mountain area are needed at the point of planning thoughts of running-through forests and water .

根据城市森林与北京市主要环境问题的相关性分析，城市森林在改善这些环境问题中具有重要的作用，为有效改善这些环境问题，整个北京市域范围内森林覆盖率至少达到35%，并且分布比较均匀，环境问题严重的局部区域需要不同程度增加森林覆盖率。5、通过对北京市城市森林需求量研究发现，虽然在市域范围内北京森林覆盖率达到了国家标准，但是山区森林覆盖率、平原林木覆盖率、城区人均森林面积不足；从区域热平衡和碳氧平衡角度分析，城区和郊区不能满足本区域的城市森林需求量，虽然北京市城市森林具有一定的发展潜力，整体上基本可以满足城市需要，但是这些区域需要依靠周边区域城市森林的补偿。6、根据以上的研究结果，以中国森林生态网络体系建设的点、线、面布局理念为指导，以&林网化——水网化&作为优化理念，将北京市整个市域划分为城区近郊区及其辐射区域，平原区和山区三大区域，依据三大区域特点进行城市森林布局优化。

However, many reallife problems always possess nonlinearity, moreover, in the process of transformation of fuzzy optimization problems to the equivalent crisp optimization problems, there always emerged nonlinearity, noncontinuous and some characteristics which are hardly dealt with by many traditional crisp optimization methods.

由于复杂的工业系统中存在各种类型的随机性和模糊性，同时很多的生产计划问题常常表现为非线性，因而很难用传统的生产计划与调度模型来描述，也难以用基于精确的数学方法来求解。

According to modern enterprise system and the enterprise internal control theory, and based on extensive practical investigation and research, this thesis firstly analyzed product sale managements, financial affairs management, basic condition of organization construction and the existing problems, facing situation. Furthermore it demonstrated that it is imperative that the end product oil sale corporation of CNPC carries out the concentrated and unified business accountings of financial affairs and it brought forward the design of the reforger of varies business flows under the concentrated and unified accounting model of financial affairs. On this foundation, it analyzed the problems such as processing program of supply of final product oil, financial flow of sale commodity, processing program of sale fund final accounts, the recognition of the key of internal control, etc. Finally, some problems, which is worth paying attention to, have been carried on analysis and discussion, such as the control relation of the final product oil sale corp. and distributive corp. of regions and provinces, the balanced equivalent of centralization of state power and division of power, etc. during the course of putting into effect the system of concentrated and unified business accounting of financial affairs.

本论文根据现代企业制度和企业内部控制理论，在广泛实地调研的基础上，分析了中油成品油销售公司的产品销售管理、财务管理、组织结构等的基本状况及其存在的主要问题和面临的形势，论证了中油成品油销售公司实行财务集中统一核算势在必行，并对在财务集中统一核算模式下的各项业务流程再造进行了设计；在此基础上，具体对成品油供应的处理程序、销售商品的账务流程、成品油销售资金结算的处理程序、内部控制关键点的确认等问题进行了有针对性的分析和设计；最后，对在实施财务集中统一核算制度过程中，中油成品油销售公司与各区域、省市分公司的控制关系、集权与分权的平衡等值得注意的问题进行了分析和讨论。

A backer of an Afghan law that critics say legalizes marital rape has rejected the international outcry as foreign meddling.

饱受批评的一项法律的拥护者说合法化的婚内暴力不会受国际舆论的干涉。

Years ago, a ancient Egyptian fleet went to the Land of punt for seeking a kind of flavor named "myrrh", and aromatic plants which has dense exotic style for the queen Hatshepsut.

3500年前的一个古埃及的舰队到&彭特之地&寻找一种叫没药的香料。