查询词典 marginal distribution density function

Firstly, the equation for stress intensity factors under static uniform pressure is used as the reference case, and then the weight function for a thick-walled cylinder containing a radial edge crack can be worked out. Secondly, the dynamic stresses in uncracked thick-walled cylinders are solved under internal impulsive pressure by using mode shape function method. The solution consists of a quasi-static solution satisfying inhomogeneous boundary conditions and a dynamic solution satisfying homogeneous boundary conditions, and the history and distribution of dynamic stresses in thick-walled cylinders are derived in terms of Fourier–Bessel series. Finally, the dynamic stress intensity factor equations for thick-walled cylinder containing a radial edge crack subjected to internal impulsive pressure are given by dynamic weight function method.

首先采用静态内压下的应力强度因子作为参考解，得到了带径向边裂纹厚壁圆筒的权函数；然后用振型函数方法推导无裂纹厚壁圆筒在冲击内压下的动应力响应，分析中将相应的弹性动力学方程解分为满足非齐次边界条件的准静态解和满足齐次边界条件的动态解的叠加，利用傅立叶-贝塞尔级数展开，推导出了厚壁圆筒内动应力的响应历程和分布规律；最后由动应力权函数方法导出带径向边裂纹厚壁筒在冲击内压下的动态应力强度因子计算公式。

Reduced SQP based on orthonormal bases, orthogonal bases and coordinate bases are studied and compared. With the correction item introduced, the null-space move is adjusted and the reduced SQP based on coordinate bases decomposition is improved.●The key problem of steady-state data processing for RTOPT is studied. A new algorithm of simultaneous strategies for data reconciliation and gross error detection is proposed. Here the objective function that is constructed using maximum likelihood principle and joint distribution function is minimized. Efficient algorithm is developed which exploited the nonlinear lease-square structure of this objective function.

仿真结果表明了算法的有效性；●深入研究了在线优化中的一个关键问题——稳态数据处理问题，用基于组合概率分布的目标函数联立求解粗劣误差检测和数据调和问题；以精馏塔在线优化的数据处理和模型修正为例，提出一种根据模型方程对参数的依赖性进行过程模型分解的分层策略，可以将数据调和和参数估计统一在数据处理的大框架中，为进一步的过程性能分析、操作状况评价以及在线优化提供可靠的基准，具有非常重要的工程应用价值；●将优化命题的形式扩展到更通用的形式。

In Chapter 2,I consider a queuing system in which there are two exponential servers, each having his own queue, and arriving customers will join the two queues separately, and analyze the two-dimensional Markov process representing the numbers of jobs in the two stations. A functional equation for the generating function of the stationary distribution of this two-dimensional process is derived and solved through the theory of Riemann-Hilbert boundary value problems. In Chapter 3, I consider the system with two parallel queues, in which arrivals join the shorter queue.I describe the problem of coupling and show that the generating function Fcan be continued as a meromorphic function to the whole complex plane.

全文包括三大部分：第一章介绍了基本的背景、研究进展和文章主要采用的方法；第二章研究的是有两个服务员共享的简单的排队方式的模型，即每个服务员有各自的队列，两队队长互不相关，分析了代表两个队长的二维马尔柯夫过程，推导出了二维过程的平稳分布的母函数的方程，并运用Riemann—Hilbert边值问题理论解出了母函数的表达式；第三章研究的是JSQ-PS模型(the joining the shortest queue model with processor sharing)，模型是组合了加入最短队模型和处理器共享模型而成的有用排队模型。

Through the research of binomial probability distribution function,it has been proved that the PDF is a monotone increasing function of probability p and allowable failure time r in test,and is a monotone decreasing function of test time n.

通过对二项分布函数的研究，证明它是关于概率p和试验中允许失败次数r的单调增函数，是关于试验次数n的单调减函数。

This paper first discusses the nature of the kernel function,and then based on Riemannian geometry dependent on the data structure and method,an improved modifying kernel function is proposed,the kernel function is a simple and less calculation method,which conformal factor and support vector irrelevant,compared with previous studies overcomes the impact of support vector's number and distribution.

首先讨论核函数的本质，并且基于黎曼几何结构和数据依赖的方法，提出了一种改进的修正核函数，改进后的核函数形式简单，计算量较低，其中保形因子与支持向量无关，较之于以前的研究克服了支持向量的数目和分布的影响。

During the first part, investigate the numbers and location of the different nature reserve, and review about its development, discuss the cause about the rapid developmeng about the protection areas of nature around Beijing. During the second part, this paper use the Geographical Information System to analyze the different sight function, plot our distinct function about the protection area of nature around Beijing. In the third part of this paper, the ecology function was special analyzed. This paper picked up several factor about the ecology and establish mathematics model to detect the most rational ecology distribution, bring forward the new constructive, wilder constructive and combination project. In the last parts of the paper, this paper use the Geographical Information System to analyze the different brim about the protection area of nature around Beijing, calculating the p/a and figure coefficient, and bring forward the brim theory for the nature reserve and city system.

在数量布局方面，包括北京周边各个不同级别的保护区的数目、位置分配布局和发展趋势研究，探讨北京市周边自然保护区数目和面积在99年和2000年突然增长的主要原因，以及今后北京自然保护区的发展方向；在景观布局方面，主要根据不同自然保护区的空间和功能的不同，计算延庆县各个自然保护区的景观多样性指数和景观优势度指数，并结合地理信息系统和航片，划分出不同的景观功能区间，以及各个功能区间之间的相互关系；在生态布局方面，综合考察北京周边自然状况，提取多项因子，建立评价模型，计算出各项因子权重，从而对其自然保护区的生态功能布局的合理性进行评价和趋势分析，为本文提出北京市周边自然保护区新建、扩建与合并的方案提供依据；在边缘布局方面，利用边缘效应理论和研究方法，创新提出&边缘类型样块分析法&，提取多个样方并结合地理信息系统，计算p/a比和自然保护区边缘的形状系数，划出自然保护区边缘效应趋势变化图，考察北京周边自然保护区的边缘效应，以及对城市的生态边缘功能。

In order to draw a photorealistic surface, Bidirectional Texture Functions, a 6D texture function which extends Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function to include the self-shadowing, self-occlusion and inter-reflection effects, has been mentioned frequently in recent years. Its main drawback is its massive data size. To solve this, Spatial Bidirectional Reflectance Function techniques compress BTFs into reflectance model parameters. However, SBRDF cannot producethe self-shadowing and self-occlusion effects in real-world surface geometry. This work is aimed to this drawback. I find how self-shadowing and self-occlusion affect the surface by additional physical-based analysis. And I rely on two physical phenomena to divide self-shadowing and self-occlusion into two independent effects. First, self-shadowing is view independent. Second, self-occlusion is independent of lighting direction changes. After these analyses, I use SBRDF and additional self-shadowing and self-occlusion I found to render a photorealistic surface as non-compressed BTFs doing.

为了把物体表面呈现的更真实，六维函数BTFs ( Bidirectional Texture Functions)目前已经被使用的相当频繁，但BTFs的资料量实在太大而没办法直接使用，为了解决资料庞大的问题，传统的SBRDF以逼近光反射模型参数，来达到资料压缩的效果，但是SBRDF对於表面的凹凸所产生的阴影及遮蔽，不能达到逼真的呈现，为了改善这个问题，我们选择从物理方面，找出资料中阴影和遮蔽等属於表面几何的资料并去除，使参数更正确，同时利用两个物理现象去区分阴影及遮蔽为两个互不干涉资料，第一是阴影不会因视角不同而改变，第二是遮蔽不因光线方向不同而改变，经过这些分析，我可以利用SBRDF加上附加的阴影及遮蔽两种独立的效应，来达到彷佛跟未压缩过的BTFs一样的真实绘图。

If the marginal angle is less than the average angle then the function is inelastic at that point.

如果临界角的数值小于平均角度，那么曲线上的该点为非弹性。

If the marginal angle is numerically greater than the average angle then the function is elastic at the point.

如果临界角的数值大于平均角度，那么曲线上的该点为弹性。

Based on the status of agricultural structure this paper indicated the necessity of agricultural structure and put forward the aim of which was to change the grazing stock raising into the artificial meadow structure around oasis marginal belt of diluvial fan in order to restore mountainous ecosystem and play the function of ecosystem service while getting to the good of eco ecology .

本文在论述天山北坡农业结构现状的基础上，指出其农业结构调整的必要性，提出了农业结构调整的目标就是改变目前天山的放牧性畜牧业，恢复山地生态系统，发挥山地的生态服务功能，在绿洲－扇缘带建立新的草地农业的产业结构，实现生态经济双赢；并提出了以棉粮为主转向实行草棉粮的综合性的改造以及从淡水绿洲转向咸水绿洲的农业结构调整的战略对策。

"The operators will suffer a temporary decrease in the number of consumers and short message services as people may not like having to provide their ID cards for a phone number," Xu Junqi, vice-dean with the Policy-Making Institute of the Telecommunications Research Centre under MII, said yesterday.

信息产业部下属的通信决策研究院副主任徐俊其昨天说：&实行手机实名制后，人们可能不太情愿用身份证注册手机号，所以通信运营商会暂时面临用户减少和短信用户减少的问题。&

I don't believe in make-believe!

我不相信这些虚构的故事。