查询词典 linkage groups

We shall there endeavour to establish the following propositions:-1. That the most ancient system in which the idea of blood-relationship was embodied, was the system of kinship through females only. 2. That the primitive groups were, or were assumed to be, homogenous. 3. That the system of kinship through females only tended to render the exogamous groups heterogeneous, and thus to supersede the system of capturing wives. 4. That in the advance from savagery the system of kinship through females only was succeeded by a system which acknowledged kinship through males also; and which, in most cases passed into a system which acknowledged kinship through males only. 5. That the system of kinship through males tended to rear up homogeneous groups, and thus to restore the original condition of affairs- where the exogamous prejudice survived- as regards both the practice of capturing wives and the evolution of the form of capture. 6. That a local tribe, under the combined influence of exogamy and the system of female kinship, might attain a balance of persons of different sexes regarded as being of different descent, and that thus its members might be able to intermarry with the principle of exogamy. 7. That a local tribe, having reached this stage and grown proud through success in war, might decline intermarriage with other local tribes and become a caste.

我们将明确一下命题：1、大部分包括血统联系观念的古代体系是只通过女系计算血族关系的体系。2、原始群是或被假定是纯系的。3、只按女系计算血族关系的系统倾向于实行异类群的外婚制，并因而取代盗妻的体系。4、从只按女系计算血族关系的野蛮系统发展来的高级系统为也承认通过父系计算血族关系的系统所继承。5、通过父系计算血族关系的系统往往跃回均质的群体，并且因此恢复到事情的原始状态——外婚的偏执得以幸存——被认为既是实行盗妻的又是从盗妻发展的。6、一个本地部落在外婚制和女系血族关系的联合影响下，可能达到被认为不同世系的不同性别人们的平衡，而且因此成员可能得以按外婚原则通婚。7、到达这一阶段而且通过胜利的战争获得自豪的本地部落，可能拒绝与本地部落的联姻而变成世袭种姓。

The biomechanical tests showed that two kinds of artificial bones had not significant difference on compressive strength and Young\'s modulus(P＞0.05),while the flexural strength of nano-nacre artificial bone was less than the control group(P＜0.05).3.The results of CCK-8 showed that the difference were not significant in each group,the proliferation of osteoblast reached the peak at the 5th day;7 days after being co-cultured,the total protein content of study group was higher than control group and blank group(P＜0.05),while the difference between control group and blank group was not significantP＞0.05The difference of alkaline phosphatase activities among three groups was not significant(P＞0.05The SEM view showed that osteoblast attached and grew well in two kinds of artificial bone.4.X-ray photography showed that two kinds of powder started to degrade in 2 weeks;this phenomenon became more appear in 4 weeks,nano-nacre powder degraded faster than micron-nacre powder,while the hole shadow was easy to be found;in 8 weeks,all the femoral holes recovered and returned to normal bone mineral density in all groups.Analysis of tetracycline fluorescent double marks in the hard tissue grinding slices indicated that new bone grew fastest around the bone defect area in study group,while most slowly in blank groupP＜0.05 SEM(scanning electron microscope observation showed that nano-nacre powder degraded more quickly.The same result can be found through the demineralized sections morphometric analysis,and both of the composite artificial bones made from those two kinds of nacre powder had the good connection with the adjacent tissue in rats body without apparent inflammatory response.5.X-ray photography showed that rabbit\'s bone defects healed faster in study group since NNAB implanted than in control group since MNAB implanted.At 24 weeks after operation,bone density in radial defects had nearly accessed to the normal area,while lower in control group,and turned up nonunion in blank group;The checking of BMD showed that results in study group were higher than those in control group at 8,16 and 24 week(P＜0.05), and the difference between the BMD values in study group at 24 week and those in blank group was not significant(P＞0.05).The gross specimens showed satisfactory histocompatibility both in study group and in control group,with bone tissue growing from two sides into the center of implanted materials; Normal slices in HE stain and hard tissue grinding slices in Stevenel\'s blue/Van Geison\'s picro-fuchsin stain showed that the bone growth tendency was better in study group than that in control group,and the medullary cavity had been penetrated to the implanted materials in study group at 24 week;Analysis of tetracycline fluorescent double marks in the hard tissue grinding slices indicated that new bone in both groups grew fastest 8 weeks after surgery,while slow down at 16 week.

纳米珍珠层/消旋聚乳酸复合人工骨与微米珍珠层/消旋聚乳酸复合人工骨分别与成骨细胞共培养后，其各时间点CCK-8法检测值与空白对照无显著差异(P＞0.05)，成骨细胞均在第5天达到增殖高峰期；培养7天后，实验组细胞蛋白含量高于对照组及空白组(P＜0.05)，后两者之间则无显著差异P＞0.05碱性磷酸酶活性在三组间均无显著差异(P＞0.05电镜下可见成骨细胞在两种人工骨上都有良好生长贴附能力。4.X-ray显示两种粉体在大鼠股骨骨洞植入第2周时都开始出现了降解，第4周时更为明显，纳米珍珠层粉较之微米珍珠层粉降解更快，而空白对照组骨洞阴影仍可见，至8周时，则所有组骨洞均己闭合修复，X-ray下已不可见原钻孔痕迹，恢复正常骨质密度；硬组织磨片四环素荧光双标记结果显示纳米珍珠层粉植入组较其余两组在骨缺损区周围新骨生长速度更快，空白组速度最慢P＜0.05电镜观察及常规脱钙切片亦可见到纳米粉体降解较快；由以上两种原材料制得的纳米珍珠层/消旋聚乳酸复合人工骨与微米珍珠层/消旋聚乳酸复合人工骨在大鼠体内均与周围组织结合良好，无明显炎症反应。5.X-ray显示纳米珍珠层/消旋聚乳酸复合人工骨植入兔桡骨缺损区后其骨愈合速度较对照组微米珍珠层/消旋聚乳酸复合人工骨植入的快，至植入术后24周，实验组骨缺损区接近正常骨密度，对照组骨缺损区密度较低，空白组则呈现骨不连状态；骨密度测量结果显示术后8周、16周、24周实验组的骨密度值高于对照组(P＜0.05，24周实验组的骨密度值与术前所测得的正常值无显著性差异P＞0.05动物取材大体所见均显示组织相容性良好，骨组织逐渐由植入材料两端向中央生长；常规切片HE染色及硬组织磨片Stevenel\'s blue/Van Geison\'s picro-fuchsin联合染色均可见实验组骨缺损区长势优于对照组，至术后24周，实验组骨髓腔与材料已呈相交通状；硬组织磨片荧光显微镜下观察，两组材料在术后8周处于骨生长最快速时期，16周时速度开始减慢，术后4、8、16周时实验组的新骨生长速度均较对照组的快

In the morning,rats in the model and the drug groups were ingested drink spirits,naming "Erguotou"(56°)(0.5ml/100 per day); In the afternoon, drugs were givenamong drug groups respectively, model group was given saline (1ml/100g per day).Meanwhile, The Model and the drug groups were given innutritious diet(40% flour+20% soybean meal+20%hypo-flour+20% botan-flour+a few soybean oil, salt),besides, those rats were prohibited to eat any food except water from 20:00 everynight to the next morning before gavage, the normal group was given saline and anormal diet.

肝纤维化模型组及药物组，上午：予56°白酒&二锅头&灌胃(每日1次，每次0.5ml／100体质量)；下午：药物组予相应药物，模型组予生理盐水灌胃(每日1次，每次1ml／100体质量)，且每晚八点后禁食至第二天上午空腹灌胃后再予饲料；正常对照组予等量的生理盐水做对照。

Methods Ninety-six rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal saline was instilled intratracheally in control group; lipopolysaccharide was instilled intratracheally in other three groups, then vehicle (1% alcohol in saline) dexamethasone and MT were injected intraperitoneally in these groups, respectively.

方法96只大鼠随机分为4组：对照组气管内滴注生理盐水；另外3组气管内滴注等量脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide， LPS)，并分别腹腔注射溶媒、地塞米松(dexamethasone， DEX)和MT。

Gastrointestinal tract reaction in 2 groups was observed. Venous blood on an empty stomach form patients of 2 groups was drawn before receiving nutrition treatment and on the morning of 7th ,14th day of treatment. Level of serum protein , subpopulations of T lymphocytes, blood routine examination, hepatic function parameters ,renal function parameters, blood-fasting sugar, serum lipide and gastrointestinal tract reaction in 2 groups was observed.

于其营养治疗前和营养治疗第7、14天清晨抽取患者空腹时静脉血，检测血清蛋白、外周血T淋巴细胞亚群、血常规、肝肾功能、空腹血糖、血脂，并观察2组患者治疗期间胃肠道不良反应发生情况。

These ferments are made of the roofs, leaves and stems of 58 handpicked kinds of plant and vegetables through exclusive the biochemical technology, with the high-reactivity, high-stability and high-safety; The second is the fruit compound ferments(the approval No.J11000510836) with the abundant vitamin, minerals, favorable viable groups, multi-amino acid groups, oligosaccha groups and glucose , is made from handpicked 103 kinds of fruits and 20 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines through microbial treatment and fermentation method; The third is grain and bean high-fiber nutritious ferments (the approval No.J11000600369) with abundant proteases, amyloclast enzyme and lipolytic enzyme, is made from 60 kinds of grains and beans through special biologic technology, and is used to lose weight, expel toxin, clear the bowels, supply nutrition and activate cells in human body.

公司精选台湾58种植物、蔬菜的根、茎、叶天然原料，以独特的生化科技手段研制而成，不仅具有高活性、稳定性和安全性的特点，而且具有耐高温、耐强酸的特点，不含任何添加剂，其活性是当今世界任何厂家生产的酵素都不可比拟的。第二宝是水果复合酵素（检验审核号是J11000510836）。公司精选台湾103种水果，通过微生物科技处理，经半年多时间发酵酿制而成，含有丰富的维生素、矿物质、有益活菌群、氨基酸、果寡糖、葡萄糖等。第三宝是谷豆高纤营养酵素（检验审核号是J11000600369）。公司精选60种谷、豆及种子，用生物科技手段，经过特殊研制而成，含有丰富的蛋白质分解酵素、淀粉分解酵素及脂肪分解酵素。

Methods45 rats were divided randomly into 9 groups: blank group, model group, masculine group, low, medium, high dosage groups of UL aqueous extracts, low, medimn, high dosage groups of UL ethanol extracts. After the model of arthritis induced by adjuvant was established in rats, the body weight of rats, the swelling of primary and secondary side, and the change of arthritis index were observed.

方法将45只大鼠随机分为空白组，模型组，阳性药组，宽叶荨麻水提物高、中、低浓度组，宽叶荨麻醇提物高、中、低浓度组，通过佐剂性关节炎模型来观察大鼠体重、原发侧和继发侧足跖肿胀度以及关节炎指数的变化。

The clinical characters of oligodontia concluded from this study are following:(1) There is significant difference that more teeth absent and more existent teeth anomalies in patients of oligodontia/S group than in patients of oligodontia/I group, and the peg-shaped upper lateral incisor is the most frequently affected teeth with shape anomaly.(2) Both of the two groups have no significant differences in number of teeth missing between maxilla and mandible as well as that between left and right side.(3) The distribution of teeth missing is bilateral symmetry in both groups, but the frequency of teeth lost are different: excluding the third molar, in oligodontia/I group, the lower second premolar is the most frequently congenitally missing tooth followed by the upper lateral incisor, while in oligodontia/S group, the most frequently missing teeth are mandibular canine and maxillary lateral incisor. Nevertheless, the first molars are the most stable teeth in both groups.(4) In oligodonita/I group, the mean mesiodistal dimensions of all type of existent teeth are significantly smaller than normal value. It is implied that oligodontia is not an isolated phenomenon, but is related to a complex of other dental changes.

对于口腔多个恒牙先天缺失的临床特点有以下初步结论：(1)综合征型先天缺牙患者较单纯型先天缺牙患者恒牙缺失数目更多，平均分别为23.9个和14.9个，且现存牙齿有更多的形态异常，分别为7／10例（70％）和6／22例（27.3％），其中最常见的是上颌侧切牙畸形；(2)两种类型的多个恒牙先天缺失患者的缺牙数目在上下颌及左右侧之间均无差别；(3)两种类型的多个恒牙先天缺失患者在缺失牙位上均呈对称分布，但在具体牙位上有所差异：不计第三磨牙，单纯型先天缺牙最常缺失的牙位是下颌第二双尖牙、其次为上颌侧切牙；而综合征型先天缺牙最常缺失的牙位是下颌尖牙和上颌侧切牙；无论何种情况，第一磨牙均为牙列中最稳定的牙齿；(4)在单纯型先天缺牙患者中，现存恒牙的牙冠宽度较国人正常值偏小，差异显著，提示牙齿形态与多个牙先天缺失有一定相关性。

Four groups, metallics, polymers, ceramics, and composites comprise the main groups; a fifth group of other materials is used for materials that do not fit well into the four groups.

四组，金属，聚合物，陶瓷和复合材料构成的主要群体，其他材料的第五组的材料不适合到四组中使用。

The sodium lignosulfonate with low molecular weight which has more hydroxyl groups and sulfonic groups, less methoxyl groups, has better corrosion and scale inhibition performances.

研究表明，分子量较小的木素磺酸钠级份含有较多的羟基和磺酸根、较少的甲氧基，具有较好的缓蚀阻垢性能。

A historical region of southwest France between the Pyrenees and the Garonne River. The duchy of Aquitaine was joined with France after the marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine to King Louis VII in1137, but its possession was disputed after her subsequent marriage to Henry II of England.

阿基坦法国西南部一个历史地区，位于比利牛斯山和加隆河之间，在1137年阿基坦的埃莉诺与国王路易斯七世结婚之后阿基坦公国加入法国，但当她再嫁英国亨利二世后，其归属权便受到争议

There are moments when I look at the smiling , happy faces of my expectant staff and wonder how they will cope when confronted by an outraged housemaster along with an unrepentant and recalcitrant bleached blond teenager in 18 years ' time .

有时候，我看着那些满怀期待的员工微笑，幸福的脸，想着当他们遇到一位愤怒的宿舍管理员和一位不知悔改，叛逆，而且将头发染成白色的18岁少年时，他们会如何处理。