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During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

To determine the condition of chromogenic reaction between iodine and amylum quantitatively, the author studied the law in the course of chromogenic reaction between iodine and amylum with the aid of spectrophotometer quantitatively, and found that maximum absorption wavelength is 610 nm, and the absorbance in the course of chromogenic reaction between iodine and amylum has not changed within 7 hours.

为了确定碘和淀粉反应的定量关系，本文利用分光光度计定量地研究了碘和淀粉显色反应过程中吸光度的变化规律，发现碘和淀粉显色反应的最大吸收波长为610 nm，碘和淀粉显色反应的吸光度在七小时内基本不变，可以进行比色分析。

It is necessary for socialism ideology innovation to achieve the due realistic goal to have not only the implementing mechanism but also managing some relations correctly such as the relation between theory and reality, between inheriting and development, between mainstream and anabranch.

社会主义意识形态创新要达到其预期的现实目标，除了要有一定的实现机制，从理论本身来讲，还必须正确处理一些关系，比较重要的有理论与实际的关系、继承与发展的关系、主流与支流的关系。

Tibet has very complex topography and falls into three geographic parts: the northern part of Tibet known as the North-Tibet Plateau, lies between Kunlun Mountain, Tonglha Mountain and Kangdese Mountain, and Nyainqentanglha Mountain;between Kangdese Mountains and Himalayas;the river valleys which the the Yarlung Tsangpo and its anabranch flow by in the southern part of Tibet and lie between the Gangdise and the Himalaya ranges; the eastern part of Tibet belongs to an area of deep gorges where a series of mountain ranges from east to west criss-crossing mountain ranges running from south to north,and is some parts of the Hengduan mountain range.

在西藏的边远山谷中，一辆老式的苏联卡车翻滚到坡底的河边，车里一个已经怀孕了几个月的女人尽然不死，而她腹中的孩子也没死，那个孩子尽然就是我。"——莫毅，这为神交已久而未谋面的艺术家，其作品在许多展览上令我印象深刻，在筹备此展的过程中认识，相聊甚欢。多年藏区生活塑造了一个率直敏锐的性情汉子，这组拍摄于20年前、却完成于今年的作品以严肃的记实性和抒情的叙事片段，融会艺术家近年的实验手段，呈现了对诸如"脆弱"、"意外"、"真实"和"理想"的记忆。因此20年后的莫毅仍然"想念西藏。

Shadow effect can not be neglected for thermal analysis of spacecraft,Accroding to the angle between solar light and antenna orbit plane and its orbit location,analytical geometry method was used for accurately calculating solar radiation heat flux distribution of reflector surfaces.To analyze the temperature field under heat flux,the formulations of net radiation flux density between two gray elements and the net flux density of gray surface under external thermal flux were deduced.Based on the characteristic of space environment,the nonlinear temperature distribution in transverse direction of reflector shell self radiation were considered,the finite element formulations were given for orthogonal material layered shell by Galerkin method.A layered element including a inner heat source layer was proposed,and the finite element formulation expressed by DOF of the inner heat source layer were put forward with temperature and heat flux boundarys between adjacent layer.

单馈反射面赋形天线是未来星载天线发展的一个重要形式，分析了基于物理光学、几何光学和几何绕射理论的理想反射面辐射场；介绍了基于几何光学的反射面天线赋形方法；针对赋形过程中辐射场的快速分析要求，比较分析了基于物理光学的Fourier-Bessel和Jacobi-Bessel级数展开方法以及GB展开分析方法；利用GB展开快速分析方法在20GHz频率下对0.6m口径的天线进行赋形分析，实现中国大陆的30dB增益覆盖，通过数值计算研究了固定增益期望下的口径尺寸随频率的变化，以及频率为20GHz的不同尺寸天线赋形后的覆盖目标区域最大增益的变化情况。

With aid of techniques of analytical continuation and conformal mapping, exact solutions are obtained for three typical problems concerning Eshelby's inclusion. The three problems are1 interaction between an arbitrarily shaped Eshelby inclusion and a circular inhomogeneity in transversely isotropic piezoelectric medium; 2 interaction between an arbitraily shaped Eshelby inclusion and an interface in anisotropic piezoelectric medium, the interface in our investigation may be a perfect interface, or a frictionless slipping interface , or a compliant electrode layer is embedded along the full interface of the bimaterials; 3 interaction between an arbitraily shaped Eshelby inclusion and an elliptical hole in anisotropic piezoelectric medium.

通过采用解析延拓和共形映射技术，获得了压电复合材料中有关Eshelby夹杂三个典型问题的精确弹性解答，即横观各向同性压电介质中任意形状的Eshelby夹杂与圆柱异相夹杂间相互作用；一般各向异性压电介质中任意形状的Eshelby夹杂与双压电材料所形成界面的相互作用，我们所考虑的界面包括理想界面、滑动界面以及柔性金属电极层增强界面；一般各向异性压电介质中任意形状的Eshelby夹杂与椭圆孔洞的相互作用。

In this thesis,based on the DFT+NEGF first-principles method,we construct a lead-molecule-lead sandwich system with single benzene-based molecule to investigate the relationship between the structure and properties of the molecular devices and the factors that influence properties of the molecular devices.Our computational investigations on these molecular devices are primarily concentrated on the effect of contact geometry between molecules and electrodes,the effect of side groups,the effect of different torsion angle between two phenyl rings and the effect of external electric field.This thesis consists of five chapters:In Chapter one,we mainly introduce the research background and development of the molecular electronics,including the experimental fabrication of molecular electronic components and theoretical simulation methods.Afterwards we discuss the questions that need to be solved in this area.Finally,the main contents of this thesis are listed.In Chapter two,we introduce the theoretical methods used in this thesis, including the main first-principles calculation methods,i.e.,the Density-Functionmethod and nonequilibrium Green\'s function.

本论文拟采用密度泛函理论和非平衡格林函数相结合的第一性原理计算方法，选取苯基小分子作为研究对象，构建了金属电极/有机小分子/金属电极三明治结构体系，系统地研究了苯基分子器件结构的改变与分子电输运性质之间的关系以及影响分子器件电输运性质的相关因素，其中重点研究了分子与电极间可能的接触结构改变、官能团、分子间的扭转角以及外电场对苯基分子电输运性质的影响，本论文主要包括以下五个章节的内容：第一章为综述部分，主要介绍了分子电子学产生的背景、分子器件的研究意义、当前研究分子器件的实验和主要理论方法，以及目前在研究分子器件中存在的一些问题，最后给出了本论文的主要研究内容和技术路线。

In the first charter , the development of Art of Using Concepts is stated in order to make readers know its proceedment. In the second charter ,the difference between the Art of Using Concepts and Apriorism and Expiricism in order to make readers understand the disparaty of Kant's Apriorism and Expiricism. In the third charter, the relation between true thinking and the Art of Using Concepts so that it's necessary that the Art of Using Concepts needs true thinking. In the former charter, the relation between practice and the Art of Using Concepts which indicates that the Art of Using Concepts is based on the practice.

在第一章中，阐述了"运用概念的艺术"的演化过程，主要是让读者了解一下"运用概念的艺术"的发展变化；第二章阐述了"运用概念的艺术"与先验论和经验论是根本对立的，这一章是为了让读者了解"运用概念的艺术"与康德的先验论，经验主义的区别；第三章主要阐述"运用概念的艺术"与"真实的思维"的关系，说明"运用概念的艺术"需要"真实的思维"；第四章主要阐述"运用概念的艺术"与实践的关系，说明"运用概念的艺术"是建立在实践的基础上的。

These studies could provide the basic data and research achievement on analysis the difference of plant transpiration and water consumption between different tree species. It contribute to instructional significance to regulate and control the moisture relations between every factor, and solve contradiction between moisture providence and demanding. At the same time, It will be provided the theoretical evidence for plants choosing and arranging ,and properly using water resources in arboriculture and maintenance.

这些研究为分析造成不同树种之间蒸腾耗水的差异提供了基础资料，对于调控各因素之间的水分关系，解决水分供需关系矛盾有重要的指导意义，同时也为植物选择与配植，栽培与养护中合理地利用水资源提供了理论依据。

This paper chooses residual income model to measure the cost of equity capital, and construct some index to represent the total disclosure quality and earnings disclosure quality of Chinese listed companies. Our analysis shows that for the whole sample of listed companies which conduct seasoned equity offerings in the stock market, controlling 6, company scale, B/M, leverage and asset turnover, there is positive relationship between the total disclosure quality and marginal cost equity capital; there is negative relationship between the earnings radical and marginal cost equity capita; there is no remarkable relationship between the earnings smoothness and marginal cost equity capital.

本文采用剩余收益模型计算公司的股权融资成本，分别以披露总体质量和盈余披露质量作为反映我国上市公司信息披露质量的指标，研究发现在控制β系数、公司规模、账面价值比、盈利水平等因素的条件下，总体来看，信息披露总体质量越高的样本公司的边际股权融资成本越高；盈余激进度与边际股权融资成本负相关；而盈余平滑度与边际股权融资成本的关系并不显著。

The changes of the HAF after liver injury may be related to the volume of blood loss, the intraabdominal pressure and the pneumoperitoneum duration.

肝撞击伤伴失血后肝动脉血流量的变化与失血量、气腹压力以及气腹持续时间等有密切联系。

Reneging on our commitments to the world's poor cannot be an austerity measure, she said.

放弃我们给世界上的穷国的承诺不能成为一种紧缩措施。