查询词典 forest

The ecosystems were classified into 13 types including valley rain forest, mountainous rain forest, tropical monsoon forest, mountainous coppice forest, mountainous ever green forest, tropical coniferous forest, shrubs, plantation, timber forest, windbreak forest, mangrove, savanna, and crop land, and then, the regulation services and their economic values of Hainan Island ecosystem were assessed and evaluated by terms of water-holding, soil-conservancy, nutrient cycle, C fixation, and windbreak function.

研究表明，2004年海南岛基于生态系统服务功能的绿色GDP为1042.80—1072.84亿元。其中传统GDP为769.36亿元、环境污染经济损失为10.54亿元、生态GDP为283.98—314.02亿元。经分析可知道：海南岛由于工业并不发达，其环境污染损失并不严重，只占传统GDP的1.4％；然而海南岛生态系统服务功能所提供的价值却是非常大，其中生态GDP是传统GDP的37％—41％。

The researches cover silviculture, vegetation management, tree physiology, ecophysiology, dendrochronology, forest ecology, forest fire ecology, forest soil biology, biotechnology, forest genetics, forest entomology and pathology, forest practices effects on biodiversity and sustainability and forest economics etc.

该杂志研究领域涉及造林学、植被管理、树木生理学、生态生理学、树木年代学、森林生态学、森林大火生态学、森林土壤生物学、生物技术、森林遗传学、森林昆虫学与病理学、森林实践对生物多样性与稳定性的影响以及森立经济学等。

When big, moderate rain and rainstorm, the Y value size order is always the masson pine pinus elliottii mixed forest＜the wetland pinery＜the wetland pinery＜the locust tree forest＜the locust tree pinus elliottii mixed forest＜the thin forest, to the soil protection effect, the conifer forest is better than broad leaved forest. For annual rainfall erosion, the Y value ordered: Locust tree forest＜wetland pinery＜locust tree pinus elliottii mixed forest＜wetland pinery＜masson pine pinus elliottii mixed forest＜thin forest.

大、中雨和暴雨时，Y值的大小顺序都是马尾松湿地松混交林＜湿地松林＜湿地松林＜刺槐林＜刺槐湿地松混交林＜疏林，对土壤保护效果针叶林优于阔叶林；对于年降雨侵蚀，Y值的大小顺序是：刺槐林＜湿地松林＜刺槐湿地松混交林＜湿地松林＜马尾松湿地松混交林＜疏林。

The storages of WSOC under 11 forest types were as follows: Pinus massoniana forest 2.43 ×10~6 t , robur mixed forest 1.57 ×10~6 t, shrubs 1.22×10~6 t, Cupressus funebris forest 0.46×10~6 t, Cunninghamia lanceolata forest 0.60×10~6 t, Citrus reticulate plantation 0.38×10~6 t, other soft broad leaved forest 0.22×10~6 t, the broad leaved and coniferous mixed forest 0.22×10~6 t, Neosinocalamus affinis 0.16×10~6 t, other hard broad leaved forest 0.20 ×10~6 t, temperate Pine forest 0.06×10~6 t.

本研究采用该方法测定的各主要森林类型下WSOC总贮量为6.53×10~6 t.11种森林植被WSOC库分别为：马尾松林2.43×10~6 t，栎类混交林1.57×10~6 t，灌木林1.22×10~6 t，柏木林0.46×10~6 t，杉木林0.60×10~6 t，柑桔林0.38×10~6 t，其它软阔林0.22×10~6 t，针阔混交林0.22×10~6 t，竹林0.16×10~6 t，其它硬阔林0.20×10~6 t，温性松林0.06×10~6t。

Bieti lost its habitat continuously in recently decades associated with the extension of rangelands and farmlands, as well as firewood collection etc. The monkey live mainly in primary fir forest and the mixed conifer forest, to evaluate the status of the monkeys' habitat, we employed GIS and RS software to identify the habitat types with five Landsat TM/ETM+ satellite imagery in winter of 1986, 1992, 1997, 2001 and 2006 years respectively. The work resulted in: 1 the size of summer grazing lands, farmlands, and fir forest was 13 100 hm2, 6 400 hm2, and 30 500 hm2 in 2006 respectively; 2 during the past 20 years (1986-2006), the size of fir forest (including primary fir forest and the mixed conifer forest) decreased by 14.6%(5 200 hm2), summer grazing lands and farmlands increased by 47.2%(4 200 hm2) and 14.3％(800 hm2) respectively; and 3, during the past 20 years, the number of firry forest patches increased by 68.4%, the mean size of firry forest patches decreased by 49.3%(from 15.1 to7.6 hm2), the largest patch index of firry forest decreased 54.9%; the patch richness had no change, but the Shannon's diversity index and the Shannon's evenness index increased by 2.7% respectively.

为了评估该物种的栖息地现状和变化情况，我们通过野外调查工作，应用GIS和RS技术，分别解译了1986年、1992年、1997年、2001年和2006年的Landsat TM/ETM+冬季卫星影像，并对解译结果进行了计算和分析，得到了以下西藏种群栖息地的主要结果：1）现有暗针叶林（包括原始针叶林和针阔混交林）面积是30 500 hm2，夏季牧场面积是13 100 hm2，农田面积是6 400 hm2；2）在过去20年间（1986-2006年），暗针叶林面积减少了14.6％（5 200 hm2），夏季牧场面积增加了47.2％（4 200 hm2），农田面积增加了14.3％（800 hm2）；3）在过去20年间，暗针叶林的斑块数量增加了68.4％，平均斑块面积下降了49.3％（从1986年的15.1 hm2下降到2006年的7.6 hm2），最大的斑块指数下降了54.9％；景观丰富度并没有变化，但Shannon多样性指数和Shannon均匀度指数分别增加了2.7％。

Based on the concept and the theory of forest park and forest tourism, development advantages of Hanzhong forest park were identified as follows: i through the past several years'development, forest tourism products were getting so abundant gradually that a fundamental scale was formed, with three national forest parks as well as three province parks founded; ii the idea of"tourism stimulation"was determined as the development strategy in the province since forest tourism played an increasingly significant part in the development of Hanzhong economy and society; iii geo-topographically, forest park in Hanzhong not only possess similar precipitous view of Qinling, but also equally splendid scenery of Bashan; iv hydrologically, the landscape had a lasting appeal as that in south China to some extend; v the forest located in the best site of the same latitude; vi with the opening of Xihan expressway, access to Hanzhong was upgraded prominently, which made the park a garden of Xi'an and a resort for many citizens.

本文从森林公园及森林旅游的概念及相关理论入手，提出了汉中森林公园和森林旅游的发展优势，即：1、通过多年发展，森林旅游产品日益丰富，初具规模，现有国家级3家，省级3家；2、&旅游活市&被汉中市委、市政府确定为发展战略，在汉中经济社会中的重要地位进一步提升；3、从地貌景观上看兼具秦岭的险峻与巴山的锦绣；4、水文上看，颇具江南山水韵味；5、森林植被处于同纬度最好的地区；6、西汉高速公路开通，汉中交通能级大幅提升，成为西安后花园和区域性休闲旅游地，给森林旅游带来无限生机。

These changes include both positive changes from nonforest to forest and negative changes from forest to nonforest. The top ten changes by area were as follows: plantation to cut area, forest toopen forest, forestto cut area,non forest to forest, barren land to forest,plantation to plowland,forest tobarren land,plantation to barren land,nonforest landto forest and open forest to forest.

森林资源变化依次是经济林变成采伐迹地、林分转变为疏林地、林分转变为采伐迹地、非林地向林地转变、宜林地转变为林分、经济林转变为耕地、林分转变为宜林地、经济林转变为宜林地、未成林地转变为林分、疏林地转变为林分。

At large scale, the result of comparing of optimization structure of forest type with the present structure of forest type illustrates that the present economical forest area is larger while the mixed forest is smaller. So decreasing economical forest area and increasing mixed forest area should be the main measurements to optimize spatial patterns. At small scale, the evaluation of the landscape inner structure index illustrates that the forest structure and coverage is smaller, which should be regulated and so the uneven-aged, multi-layered and mixed forest should be the object of the forest structure design.

大尺度上根据植被类型优化结构和现有植被类型结构数据的对比分析可知，现有经济林面积则过大，混交林面积较小，因此主要是减少经济林面积，改造针叶和阔叶纯林为混交林，从而增加混交林面积，以达到最优植被类型结构时的空间配置；在小尺度上通过对景观内部结构指数的计算分析可知，该区林分结构和郁闭度分指数值较小，应予以着力调整；由研究结果可知，异龄、多层次、混交的水源保护功能最好，因此稳定的林分结构设计目标就是尽量使林分形成异龄、多层次、混交林。

Article 8 For national focal point shelter belt, and forest for special uses, the competent forestry authority of State Council shall produce opinions and report to the State Council for approval, then promulgate it; for local key shelter forest and forest for special use, the competent forestry authority of the people's government of a province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the central authority shall produce opinions and report to the people's government at the same level for approval, then promulgate it; for other shelter forest, timber forest or special-use forest as well as economic forest or fuel forest, the competent forestry authority of people's government at county level shall demarcate according to the state's relevant regulations on forest categorization and the arrangement and organization of the People's government at the same level, and report to the people's government at the same level for approval and promulgation.

第八条 国家重点防护林和特种用途林，由国务院林业主管部门提出意见，报国务院批准公布；地方重点防护林和特种用途林，由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府林业主管部门提出意见，报本级人民政府批准公布；其他防护林、用材林、特种用途林以及经济林、薪炭林，由县级人民政府林业主管部门根据国家关于林种划分的规定和本级人民政府的部署组织划定，报本级人民政府批准公布。

There are some questions such as forest fire model selection, forest fire model updating, verifying simulation accuracy and so on in traditional forest fire spreading system. Study purpose is to build an innovative forest fire spreading simulation system based on DDDAS in this paper. The system can increase precision of forest fire spreading simulation by model base, model selection, model updating and so on. It can provide a strategic decision for forest fire save and new technologies demonstration for other related field of research. The research encompasses several major topics:(1) This paper brings up the term of dynamic data driven forest fire spreading simulation system and supplies new research approach and thought for forest fire spreading simulation study. The system framework was brought.

本研究针对传统林火模拟过程中存在的模型手动选择难度大、模型修正数据获取效率低、模拟精度验证困难等问题，以DDDAS为林火蔓延模拟研究的技术范式，提出林火蔓延模拟全新的技术框架体系，解决模拟系统建设过程中的模型库建设与管理、模型适宜性选择、模型自适应修正、模拟过程实时验证等关键技术，建立林火扩散模拟和实际林火发展之间相互协作、共生的林火扩散动态模拟系统；提高林火蔓延模拟精度，将林火蔓延模拟真正应用到林火扑救指挥过程当中，在实践上为林火扑救指挥提供决策支持，在理论上为相关领域的空间扩散模拟研究提供新的思路和技术范式。

It goes back to what I told you...

现在回到我告诉过你的。。。

With a supporter in Mr Charest and an admirer in Mr Dumont, Mr Harper may be encouraged to call an election himself.

由于在沙雷那边有个支持者，杜蒙那边有个崇拜者，鼓励哈珀为自己举行一次选举。