查询词典 fiefs

These, under colour of a right of patronage which they pretend to hold in ecclesiastical benefices, without the support of any apostolic privileges, or of collations or letters from the ordinaries, or even of any pretence of a title, presume to confer benefices not only on clerics but also on layfolk; to punish at their own whim priests and clerics who are at fault; to remove, purloin and usurp in an arbitrary way, either directly or by ordering others, the tithes of everything on which they are obliged by law to pay, as well as tithes belonging to cathedrals, and other things which pertain to diocesan law and jurisdiction and are the exclusive concern of bishops; to forbid such tithes and any fruits to be taken out of their cities, lands and territories; to seize and unjustly hold fiefs, possessions and lands; to induce and compel, by threats, terror and other indirect means, the granting to them of fiefs and goods of churches and the conferring of ecclesiastical benefices on persons nominated by them; and not only to permit but even expressly to command very many other losses, damages and injuries to be inflicted on the aforesaid clerics and churches and their prelates .

这些，根据肤色的赞助权，他们假装在教会举行benefices ，不支持任何使徒特权，或排序或来信普通，甚至任何藉口标题，擅自不仅赋予benefices对神职人员，而且layfolk ；来惩罚自己心血来潮神父和神职人员谁是罪魁祸首；删除，窃和篡夺任意方式，直接或通过命令他人的什一税的一切，他们都必须受到法律支付的金额，以及什一税属於教堂，和其他的东西涉及到拔萃的法律和管辖权，并独家关注主教；禁止任何此类什一税和将要采取的水果离开自己的城市，土地和领土；抓住和不公正举行领地，财产和土地；诱导和强迫，威胁，恐怖和其他间接方式，给予他们的领地和货物的教堂和赋予教会benefices关於他们提名的人选；不仅允许但是，即使明确指挥很多其他损失，损害和伤害是对上述神职人员和教堂，他们的主教。

Intermediaries, brokers and bankers, whether clerical or lay, of whatever rank, quality or order they may have been, even patriarchal or archiepiscopal or episcopal, or enjoying other secular, worldly or ecclesiastical status, including spokesmen or envoys of any kings and princes, who had part in this simoniacal election, are by that very fact deprived of all their churches, benefices, prelacies and fiefs, and any other honours and possessions.

中介机构，经纪人和银行家，是否笔误或奠定，无论其职位高低，质量或命令，他们可能已经，甚至宗法或archiepiscopal或主教，或享受其他世俗的，世俗的或宗教的地位，包括发言人或特使的任何国王和王子，谁曾参加这一simoniacal选举，是由该事实剥夺了他们所有的教堂， benefices ， prelacies和领地，以及其他任何荣誉和财产。

We shall have the same respite ( and the same manner in rendering justice [4] ) concerning the disafforestation or retention of those forests [4] which Henry our father and Richard our brother afforested, and concerning guardianship of lands under the fief of another (that is, the guardianships we had up to now because of a knight's fee someone else held from us), and with abbeys founded in fiefs other than our own, in which the lord of the fief claims to have a right.

我们应具有相同的喘息（并以同样的方式伸张正义 [ 4 ] ）中有关废或保留这些森林 [ 4 ] ），其中亨利的父亲和我们的兄弟理查德造林，以及有关土地的监护下，封地的另一（即guardianships我们到现在因为骑士的费用别人从我们这里举行），并与修道院始建于领地以外我们自己，其中主的封地声称权利。

We shall have, moreover, the same respite and in the same manner in rendering justice concerning the disafforestation or retention of those forests which Henry our father and Richard our brother afforested, and concerning the wardship of lands which are of the fief of another (namely, such wardships as we have hitherto had by reason of a fief which anyone held of us by knight's service), and concerning abbeys founded on other fiefs than our own, in which the lord of the fee claims to have right; and when we have returned, or if we desist from our expedition, we will immediately grant full justice to all who complain of such things.

此外，就我父亨利、我兄理查德所划定之森林区废止事宜；及对于他人封地内土地的监护权事宜（即，我们因骑士军役授予其人封地，从而享有的监护权）；及我们在他人封地建立修道院，而该地领主主张对此享有权利的相关事宜；我们可依例得暂缓处理，但只要我们远征归来或中断征程归来，则即应立刻按公平正义处理上述事宜。注： a 、本条见于1215年最初的版本，后来版本无。b 、可参考37条。

It refers to a general set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility of Europe during the Middle Ages, revolving around the three key concepts of lords, vassals and fiefs.

它所针对的问题主要围绕着三个角色：国君，诸侯和人质。

The fiefs of vassals, the prebends of patrimonial officials, the salaries of modern civil servants, the honor of knights, the privileges of estates, and the honor of the civil servant comprise their respective wages.

诸侯的封地，祖传官员的俸禄，当代公仆的工资，骑士的荣誉，登记的特权，仆人的荣誉组成了各自的报酬。

L'ile aux Vaches, and l'ile Notre-Dame, both deserted, with the exception of one house, both fiefs of the bishop--in the seventeenth century, a single island was formed out of these two, which was built upon and named l'ile Saint-Louis--,lastly the City, and at its point, the little islet of the cow tender, which was afterwards engulfed beneath the platform of the Pont-Neuf.

母牛洲和圣母院洲，都是一片荒凉，只有一间破屋，两洲均是主教采地(到了十七世纪，两洲合并为一，在上面大兴土木，现在名为圣路易洲)；最后便是老城及其尖端的牛渡小洲，后来这个小洲沉陷在新桥的土堤下面了。

He criticized bad appointments and misallocation of military fiefs, harping on the need to reform the timar system which gave land to corrupt officials.

他批评坏的任命和分配不当的军事领地，重提改革的必要性timar系统使土地腐败官员。

A series of weak bosses failed to do away with fiefs, professionalise management and keep the brands fresh, even as competition—from broadband in the case of AOL, and from rivals such as Google and Facebook for Yahoo!—ate into revenues.

一系薄弱的老板在领域内对于职业管理和保持品牌活力处理甚至是竞争失败，就AOL来说来自宽频的竞争，正如yahoo的竞争对手google 和facebook，在吞食他们的总收入。

A series of weak bosses failed to do away with fiefs, professionalise management and keep the brands fresh , even as competition—from broadband in the case of AOL, and from rivals such as Google and Facebook for Yahoo!—ate into revenues.

当竞争蚕食着他们的收益，（就美国在线而言，是来自宽带的竞争；而雅虎，是像Google和Facebook这样的竞争对手）一连串差劲的老板未能摆脱固步自封，进行专业管理和保持公司品牌不褪色。

Panorama Many people are dancing in a large sitting room.

在一个大客厅里，许多人在跳舞。

We fully understand how a microwave oven cooks food, it is first necessary to talk ...

我们充分理解一个微波炉煮的食物，这是首先要谈。。。