查询词典 cost

The Frechet derivative of the cost function is determined via the solution of an adjoint partial differential equation, and the boundary shape is then modified in a direction of descent. This process is repeated until an optimum solution is approached. The advantage is that the cost function variation is independent of the flow field variation, with the result that the gradient of cost function with respect to arbitrary number of design variables can be determined without the need for additional flow-field evaluations. So each design cycle requires the numerical solution of both the flow and the adjoint equations leading to a computational cost roughly equal to the cost of two flow solutions.

虽然他们的研究成果大多数都可以在公开性文献上看到，但是其中一些具体的细节问题的处理方法却没有透露，比如：伴随方程如何离散求解才能减小最终梯度计算中的误差，使得设计过程有效地进行；伴随方程与流动方程的边界条件是不同的，如何合理地处理伴随方程的边界条件，才能推动设计过程朝着设计目标而发展；在减阻问题中目标函数如何定义，求解梯度的具体数学公式如何推导，如何通过数值方法来实现它们等。

This paper presents a notion of airplane-flight pairing assignment cost as the evaluating index, and analyzes three compositions of the costs: flight direct operation cost, flight spill cost and amercement cost, then, educes flight direct operation costaccording to the cost theory lodged by the Air Transportation Association wor.

本文提出飞机-航班节分配成本的概念作为其评估指标，分析该成本的三个组成：航班直接运行成本、航班溢出成本和罚成本，并根据航空运输协会工作组提出的成本理论得出航班直接运行成本，构造旅客溢出的概率模型，引入罚成本的相关系数。

Author analyses the cost, benefit and efficiency in detail, and comes to three conclusions: first, the aim is to get the minimal cost from the sum of direct cost and erroneous cost in economy; second, the highest point exists when marginal cost crosses marginal revenue; third, the design of the minimal cost in criminal summary procedure system must insist three principles: punctual, brief and justice.

在这一部分中，笔者通过对刑事简易程序进行成本分析、收益分析以及效率分析得出了三个重要的结论：一是从经济学的角度看，刑事简易程序的目的就是要使直接成本和错误成本之和最小化；二是刑事简易程序成本投入的最佳水平是其边际成本与边际收益相交的均衡点；三是为了实现成本的最小化，在设计刑事简易程序制度时应当坚持三个原则——及时原则、精简原则和最低公正原则。

The difficult points of cost plan and control for large-scale intermittent manufacture include laying stress on controls of product project cost, preconstruction on cost standard reference system, reasonable share for total cost, structure of target cost as well as symmetrization of cost information, etc.

大型离散制造企业成本计划与控制的难点有：产品项目成本控制的特殊需求、成本标准参照体系的预构建、总额费用的合理分摊、目标成本的体系结构、成本信息的对称问题等。

Under the condition of the following factors concerning the optimization models:the investment cost, operating cost, unfair cost, payment evade cost, drivers' extra cost and environmental pollution cost, this paper raises the optimized models of multi-modes payment of toll collection system and its algorithm is proposed by SAGA hybrid optimization strategy, which can simultaneously optimize the following results: the optimum locations of toll stations, numbers of toll stations, the numbers of different tolling modes' tollgates of every toll station, ETC users' discount rate, and can estimate the installation rate of TAG of every toll station, the actual traffic flow capacity of different tollgate, can obtain the best toll collection system under the different simulated decision conditions.

本文充分考虑了驾驶员缴费技术选择与缴费车道选择的特性，提出了驾驶员缴费方式随机选择模型；在考虑了收费系统的投资成本、营运成本、不公平成本、漏收成本、驾驶员的额外成本和环境污染成本等因素的基础上，提出了多收费方式收费系统的优化模型，提出采用模拟退火遗传算法进行收费系统寻优的算法，可同时优化出一个收费系统的收费站位置与数量、不同收费站不同收费方式的收费车道数和ETC用户的折扣率等参数，可估算不同收费站TAG的安装率、不同收费车道实际使用量，可模拟不同决策情境下的最佳系统资源配置方案。

But under such market economy condition, the concept the tradition cost is controlled already can not adapt to modern cost idea, responds to the outside environment keeping a foothold in the overall strategic objective and enterprise , seeks cost in the contrast from cost and beneficial result minization not only the content that modern business cost controls being to cost down isolatedly.

在这样的市场经济条件下，传统的成本控制观念已不能适应现代成本理念，现代企业成本控制的内容不仅仅是孤立地降低成本，而应立足于整体战略目标及企业外部环境，从成本与效益的对比中寻找成本最小化。

Innovation achievements of this dissertation are mainly in the content and the method, namely: presents the content of EAP thoroughly and systematically; reviews the cost, utility and empirical studies of EAP; investigates the cost and utility of EAP theoretically, conducts the typical survey of the EAP implementation of a domestic enterprise; establishes multivariate linear regression equation of EAP utility; sets up an allocation model of EAP cost through Analytic Hierarchy ProcessThis dissertation\'s conclusion is that EAP cost is related to the time and frequency of EAP used by employee under the fixed cost, the tendency of using EAP is related to demographic characteristics and other factors, the utility of EAP is related to the personal preference of using EAP at least, the utility of EAP is leastwise related to 7 factors, the relationship with the supervisor is the most important factor in the workplace, personal health is the largest part of EAP cost.

本文的创新成果主要是内容上的创新和方法上的创新：对EAP的内容进行了全面、系统的梳理；对EAP的成本、效用和实证研究进行了综述；对EAP的成本、效用进行了理论上的探讨；对国内企业实施EAP的情况进行了典型调查；建立了EAP效用的多元线性回归方程；用层次分析法建立了EAP的成本分摊模型。本文得出的结论是：在固定成本不变的情况下，EAP的成本与员工使用EAP的时间及次数有关系；EAP的使用倾向与人口统计学特征和其它因素有关；EAP的效用至少与个人对EAP的使用偏好有关；EAP的效用至少与7个因素相关；与上级的关系是工作场所中最重要的因素；个人的身体健康是EAP成本中花费最大的部分。

In view of the not high whole level of cost control of our construction enterprise, lacks the feasibility strong cost control method. The construction enterprise cost has one -sidedness to control the idea, workers cost consciousness of enterprise is not strong, construct enterprise cost is remain current situation during the course of constructing, etc. The thesis submits the focal point of every stages of cost controlling and the method and theory of cost control.

针对我国建筑业企业成本控制水平整体不高，缺乏可操作性强的成本控制方法，建筑业企业成本控制理念存在片面性，建筑业企业职工成本意识不强，施工企业成本控制只停留在施工阶段等现状，本论文拟从投标到竣工验收的全过程为研究对象，提出了各阶段成本控制工作的重点和成本控制方法。

Under the condition of the following- factors concerning the optimization models:the investment cost, operating cost, unfair cost, payment evade cost, drivers" extra cost and environmental pollution cost.this paper raises the optimized models of multi-modes payment of teH collection system and its algorithm is proposed by SAGA -hybrid optimization strategy, which can simultaneously optimize the following results: the optimum locations of toll stations, numbers of toll stations, the numbers of different tolling, modes" tailgates of every toll station, ETC users discount rate.and can estimate the installation rate of TAG of every toll station.the actual traffic flow capadty of different toiigate, can obtain the best toll collection system under the different simulated decision conditions.

本文充分考虑了驾驶员缴费技术选择与缴费车道选择的特性，提出了驾驶员缴费方式随机选择模型；在考虑了收费系统的投资成本、营运成本、不公平成本、漏收成本、驾驶员的额外成本和环境污染成本等因素的基础上，提出了多收费方式收费系统的优化模型，提出采用模拟退火遗传算法进行收费系统寻优的算法，可同时优化出一个收费系统的收费站位置与数量、不同收费站不同收费方式的收费车道数和ETC用户的折扣率等参数，可估算不同收费站TAG的安装率、不同收费车道实际使用量，可模拟不同决策情境下的最佳系统资源配置方案。

The chapter four to chapter eight analyze the railway engineering cost making standard from the sides respectively including railway engineering quotation, railway quotation direct cost, site administration cost, construction measurement cost, indirect cost and profit, analyze the key factor which influencing cost, confirm the scientificity and rationality of the current cost making standard basing on field measuring data, bring forward the advise of the ways and method of reducing invest and cost, and bring forward the opinion and advice for improve and perfect the current railway cost making standard.

第4～8章分别从铁路工程定额、铁路定额直接费、现场管理费、施工措施费、间接费和利润等方面对铁路工程造价计价标准进行分析，分析影响费用的关键因素，依靠实测数据检验现行各项计价标准的科学性与合理性，提出降低投入、减少成本支出的途径和方法的建议，并对现行铁路计价标准提出改进和完善的意见和建议。

I use an example quoted by Hu Jiaqi:"It is reported that America separates the DNA of a kind of virus by making use of genetic technology and combines it with another kind of DNA. Finally, they get a kind of virulent biological agent called a "pyrotoxin". Someone discloses in private that 20 grams of such a kind of biological agent could result in the global death of 6 billion people due to infection."

我在这里例举胡家奇所引用过的例子："据报道，美国利用转基因技术，将一种病毒的DNA分离出来，与另外一种DNA进行结合，拼结成一种剧毒的"热毒素"生物战剂，且私下有人透露，这种生物战剂只需20克，就可以导致全球60亿人全部感染死亡。"

Waiting, for the queers and the coons and the Reds and the Jews.

等待着疯子和黑人还有红色共产主义者还有犹太人